Shigurf Namah i Velaët, Or, Excellent Intelligence Concerning Europe: Being ...

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SHIGURF N^MAH I VELAfiT,

,AB.

TRAVELS

OF

MIRZA ITESA. MODEEN,

u

GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE.

TRANSLATED FROM TRK OaiOINAL PERSIAN MAHUSCRIPT INTO
HINDOOSTANEB, WITH AN ENGLISH VERSION AND NOTS8|

BT

JAMES EDWARD ALEXANDER, Esq-,

LI£UT.y LATE H.M. 13th LIGHT BRAG00N8,
Jmi J4ifi*ait* ^f Ae Bo^f Ovard </ the BonovraUe tht GovenMr qf Fcrt Si. Omrg$, 4«.

WITH A PORTRAIT OF THE MmZAt

LONDON: M^A^^^^^^^
PRINTED FOR PARfiURY, ALLBN, AND CO.
LEADENHALL STREET.

MDCCCXXTIL

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LONDON:
TRIMTIB BT /• L. COX, CEEAT QUXIN St%WKl.

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;- MOST RESPECTFU|.:C5 DEDICATED

TO

HIS EXCELLENCY MAJOR-GENERAL

SIR THOMAS MUNRO, Bart, & K.C.B.,

GOVERNOR OF MADRAS,
&c. &c. &c.

' BT HI8 aAATSrUL AND OBEDIENT SSBTANT,

THE translator;

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THE

TRANSLATOld'S PREFACE,

When I first commenced the translation of
the original Persian manuscript of the Shi-
GURF NoiAH into the language of the Deccan,
I had not the most, distant intention of ever
submitting my lucubrations to the public : the
only object I had in view was, to iumish my-
self with a useful occupation during my leisure
hours; for

** Literato otio quid dulcius ?"

However, during the progress of my labours, I
was led to believe that many of the details
would be found not uninteresting^ not merely
to those versed in Oriental lore, but also to
the g^wral reader, when clothed in an Bn^di
dress. — But my principal intention in publish-
ing is to furnish a woilc to the Hindoortanee

tyro.

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vi translator's preface.

tyro, which, from the interest I trust it will
excite, as exhibiting the impressions made on a
native of Hindoostan by the manners, customs,
and superior civilization of the inhabitants of
Europe, will, I confidently hope, induce him
to prosecute his studies in that most useful
language, the acquirement of which is so indis-
pensably necessary for those who mean to so-
journ in our Eastern possessions.

I do not pretend to be deeply skilled either
in Persian or Hindoostanee. To the fori^er of
these languages I have not had leisure to pay the
attention that it deserves, it is probable therefore
that a very slender critic may easily discover
many subjects for animadversion in these pages.
However, I trust that liberal allowance will be
made for the errors that may be observed in
the performance of a minor, and that my
motives, at least, may meet with approbation.
I have neither been excited by a hope of gain
nor animated by the prospect of applause:
my only stimulus in putting forth these trans-
lations was a hope of being useful.

There are now, I believe, only two copies

of

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translator's preface. vii

of the Persian manuscript extant,* and the
spirit of the author, Itesa Modeen, " the wan-
derer over the face of the earth,'* hath long
quitted its clayey tenement. Doubts may arise
in the minds of many regarding the authenti-
city of the work, but, I trust they will quickly
vanish upon perusal. — The language employed,
the similies made use of, and the general rea-
soning, will immediately convince any person
at all acquainted with the manners and habits
of orientals, that the work is any thing but
spurious, and that it could not have been com-
piled by any other than a native of the East.
Besides,- I have made particular inquiries of
some of the relations of those gentlemen men-
tioned in the work, regarding the author, and
I have been assured that they are aware of
his having travelled to Europe in company with
Captain S. (whose name I am prevented from
giving, from a fear of hurting the feelings of

near

* The one which fell mto the hands of the translator
was purchased by his Moonshee from the head servant of
the son of Captain S. (under whose charge Itesa Modeen
went to Europe), after his roaster's decease.

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viii translator's preface*

near relatives of his, now holding high official
situations in this country, as the author touches
on some domestic occurrences) : they also state,
that they had heard that he wrote an account
of his travels, though they had never seen it. *
The year in which the author undertook
the voyage to Europe (1765), was one of pecu*
liar interest to the Honourable Company, being
that in which the famous treaty of Ilhabad was
concluded, by which Lord Clive obtained from
that ill-advised and unfortunate monarch, the
Emperor Shah Alum, the commission of
Diwany, for the countries of Bengal, Behar,
and Orissa. Those historians who have treated
on Indian aflairs state, '^that this important
" business (the acquisition of the Diwany) was
« settied without hesitation or argument, as
<< easily as the purchase of aii ass or any other
** animal, without Envoys or reference either
<* to tiie King of England or to tiie Company/'
Now the author's mission to England was sole-
ly owing to a reference made by Shah Alum
to his Britannic Majesty, regarding a protect-
ing force to be stationed, at Ilhabad ; therefore

this

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t9ans];<ator'6 preface* ix

ttttd. woi4c mfl^ be fomd interesting, noli only
from tlbe Tdatioa of the author's adventuresfi
but al$q a^s disclosing soi^e curious particulars
in. the seeret hjistory of the Compan/s affiiirs.

It now only remains to t^ke some notice of
the Hii^oQStanee an4 English trajuslations.-—
It wo^d seem absurd if I (myself a mere tyro)
were to endeavour to point put the benefit to
be derived {rom stqdying Hindoostanee^ the
gri^js^d popular ^ale^t of India, ^ knowledge
of "ffhich is th§ sine qud rum to preferment
io our Eastern dominions. .The vol^minou9
9iid expellejKit works of that master-pioneer
of Qiient^ literature^ Dr. B* Gilchrist, will
su^iently qiake manifest the grea): importance
whieh is pow 4eservedly a^ttached toi the more
gener^ acquiremept of this }angijfage* 7^
Mlawmg Hindqostaqee tra^islatioi) is ai) at-
tempt ^t the common dialect used under the
Madras presidency : the style, I trust, will h^
&und to be extremely sipiple, an4 tolerably
free fi:om the foreign aids of Pef siap erufdijion.
I should be gpilty of i^justipe, were \ npt
tp acjloipwledge the gre^t ^ssist^ce \ ^ex\Ytd

b in

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X translator's prbpace.

in the completion of the above, from my M4)6n^
shee, Shumsher Khan, who was formerly in
the employ of that distinguished linguist^ diplo-
matist, and soldier. Sir John Malcolm. SUn-^ ^
ply to state the fact of his having beeii in the
service of that officer, is sufficient to mark
him out as an able scholar, without any further
encomium of mine.

In the English version, I have not tied my-
self down to the literal translation of every
individual word of the Hindoostanee : far from
it ; for to have done so would have defeated
one of the chief intentions of the undertaking.
I have inerely endeavoured to give the Author's
meaning. If I had done otherwise and ren-
dered a literal version, of what use would
putting forth the Hindoostanee have been to
the beginner ? He would never have troubled
himself with applying to his Dictionary, so as
to impress ' more firmly on his memory the
meaning of the words which had puzzled him ;
he would only have turned to the En^sh
translation for tlie solution of his difficulties;

Now the present free translation, by givii^

the

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TRAN$I.ATOB^S PREFACE. xl

tlm Htndoostanee stiRlent only a general idea
of.theatoiyf ^ndU perhaps tenant him to direct
hi« attrition to a closer study of <* the black
letter ** part of the work. Should the style
o£any;of the passages seem turgid or broken^
the^ imperfections proceeded fronji an endea^
vour not to depart from the sense of the ori-
ginal : those again, which, though they may
be suited to the gross ideas of Orientals, yet
would raise a blush on the cheek of the English
if^der, I have endeavoured to disguise, still
iiowever adhering to the import of the text. .

As Oriental writers are not often given to
observing regularity in their productions, I
have obviated this defect in our Author by
transposing several of the chapters. I have
also taken the liberty of making a few inter-
polations, to elucidate those passages in which
the meaning was obscure. .

In the original there are some tedious details
relative to the first settlers in Bengal, of the
English, Dutch, French, and Portuguese na-
tions. These I have thought proper to omit ;

also minute descriptions of the construction
b 2 and

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Xii TRAK^ATOR^ PREFACE.

and different parts of a ship, and a long and
diy narration of the discovery of America.
These, instead of iniei^stingihe reader, would
only serve to tire him.

In conclusion, I beg to say that it is. witik
extreme diffidence I submit these translations
to public scrutiny. However, some indulgence
may be claimed from the difficulties which
every one encounters, who prepares for publi-
cation a work, in this country. I trust, then,
that the enlightened reader will make allow-
ances for any inaccuracies he may detect : at
any rate,

<« Si non laudes, parce censuris, quedo."

Bangalore^ Mysore^ 1825.

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CONTENTS.

Introduction , 1

CHAP. I.
The original circumstances of the Author, and the
reason of his going to Europe— He embarks in a
French ship — An Account of the Compass, Winds,
&c ,.. S

CHAP. II.
The Author arrives at the Island of Maurititis, and
what occurred there ^ . H

CHAP. III.
Of the Cape of Good Hope, and the Island of Ascen-
sion 22

CHAP. IV.
The Author arrives at Nantz, in France, and what hap^
pened there^He lands in England SI

CHAP. V.
Description of the City of London-^The BuHdingv-^
St. James's Park^The Steels and Shops 42

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Xiy CONTENTS.

CHAP. vr.

Page

The Theatre^Circus — Juggling — Vauxhall— The .
gigantic Woman . . . . • 51

CHAP. vn.

An Excursion to Oxford, and some Account of the
University. 63

CHAP. vin.
The Narrative of the Author's Journey to Scotland —
He arrives in Edinburgh — C^aptain S. and his Family. . 72

CHAP. IX-
Some Account of the Highlands 81

CHAP. X.
Some Account of the different Countries of Europe —
Hussurut Eesa, and the Christian ReUgion 92

CHAP. XI.
Of the Disbelief of the English in Junab Muhumud's
prophetical office (on whom be the blessing, Sec) and
in the noble Koran « 107

CHAP. XII.
Religious Controversies. 121

CHAP. xni.

The King of England — Army and Navy — Courts
of Law 135

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CONTENTS. XV

CHAP- XIV.
The manner in which Children are educated in Eng-
land — How the English spend their time^The
East-India Company « 157

CHAP. XV.
Of the Food of the English— Of Flowers— Inns--
Manner of Travelling*«-Agricultui«— Horses—Wild
Animals— Dogs , «..,.•••..• 177

CHAP. XVI.
Of the Differences that arose between Captain S. and
the Author — The reasons for has leayiQg EogUiiu)«-*
He arrives in India — Concludon • 193

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INTRODUCTION.

I If the name of the most merciful God !
All due praise be to that Creator who,
bayiDg vnthdrawn the sous of our first
parent from the darkness of ignorance,
presented them with the splendour of wis-
dom, and in the series of the descendants
of Adam finally produced (our) Prophet,
and made apparent the distinction between
good and evil. Blessing and peace be
upon that chosen Prophet, his great off-
spring, and his venerable associates.*

To those possessed of sagacity it will be
shewn that I, Shaikh Itesa Modeen^ a pil-
grim and traveller (and now wearied of

B traversing

♦ Alee, Omary Osman, and Abubukur.

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2

traversing countries), the son of Tajoodeen,
and an inhabitant of the small town of
Panchnour,* being compelled by destiny,
journeyed to Europe, and have (now) dis-
tinctly related at length some of the won-
ders and curiosities that I saw there ; and
in order that those who see this book may
reap the whole advantage of it (without
labour), I have abridged it, and as a mark
by which I may be remembered, I have
placed it in the library of the world.

* In Bengal.

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CHAPTER I

The original circumstances of the Author, and the reason

of his going to Europe He embarks in a French ship

An Account of the Compass, Wmds, &c.

During the reign of Nouab Jaffer Alee
Khan (with whom be peace)) being on
terms of intimacy with Shaikh Suleem
OoUah Moonshee,* and M irza Mahomed
Cassim, the Head Moonshee of the de-
ceased Nouab, I acquired a facility in
writing and reading Persian. In the dy-
nasty of Cassim Alee Khan I entered the
service of Major Park, and was present
during the campaigns against Usud Zu-
man Khan and Rajah Beer Bopm. After
the cessation of hostilities I had an au-
dience of Hussurut Shah Alum Badshah,^-
B 2 and

* Moonshee or Mirza, a secretary, teacher, &c
t The Great Mogul.

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and then came to Calcutta with the Majon
At this time there were only eight Moon-
shees in the service of (English) gentlemen.
After Major Park went to Europe, by his
recommendation I was employed by Mr.
Strechy, and for a short time was TuhsiU
dar* of Cootoobpoor ; after which I served
under different masters. To be brief, I
spent the prime of my days in the service
of Englishmen j and now, in my old age,
I am subjected to every kind of trouble,
which is my misfortune.

la the year of the Hejira llSOf, Lord
Clive having concluded a treaty between
the Company and Shoojaud Dowlah,J he
(the Nouab) took leave of Shah Alum.
Then liord Clive having caused to be writ-
ten, in the presence of the Emperor, the
Commission of Sovereignty, in the name

of

* Tax-gatherer, f 1^65, A,D,

% The Nouab of Gude, who had just been defeated by
Greneral Camac.

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of Nujoomud Dowlah, the son of Meer
Mahomed Jaffer Alee Khan, and the
Conimission of Dewany,* in the name of
the Company, for the Soubah of Bengal,
Behar and Orissa, wished to take leave.
Then Shah Alum, with tears in his eyes,
said, ^^ You have arranged the affairs of
" the Company according to your own
•^ wish, but have given yourself no trouble
" to consolidate my wealth. You do not
^^ intend keeping an English army near
" me, during the time I occupy the throne
" of Delhi; and now you are going away,
" leaving me in the midst of enemies.**
Hearing this. Lord Clive and General
Carnac were much distressed and some-
what ashamed. They answered: " To
" retain an English army near you, with-
" out the orders of the King of England,
^^ and without first inquiring the pleasure
" of the Company, is impossible. But

" now

* Management of the Revenues.

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** now we will state every thing to the
** English Monarch, and when the order
" arrives from England, certainly all mat-
" ters will be (properly) arranged; but
" until a favourable reply arrives from
" thence it is advisable that you should
" remain in Ilhabad. In the mean time
" General Smyth, who commands (a part
" of) the English Army, will remain with
" you with one battalion, and will besub-
" servient to you, and comply with your
" wishes in every thing. Besides this, a
" station for an English force is now esta-
" blished at Jaunpoor, which is in the
" vicinity of Ilhabad ; (therefore) when it
" may be necessary, the whole force will
" attend you, and now you ought by all
" means to rest contented (with these ar-
" rangements)."

After this, by the concurrence of Nouab
Mooneeroodowlah and Rajah Shitab Rae,*

" and

♦ Two of the Ministers of the Great Mogul.

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I

7

and according to the wish of Shah Alum^
his Lordship undertook to write and des-
patch a letter to the King of England, the
purport of which was as follows: " That
" now, under your favour, I am desirous
•* of having the aid and assistance of an
*^ English army, officered by Englishmen,
*^ and between us friendship and good-
" will will constantly increase; for we,
^* being desirous of cultivating your friend-
" ship, have caused the Commission of
" Dewany for the Soubah of Bengal, &c.
" to be made out in the name of the Com-
" pany, and the officers of your Govera-
" ment have arranged this with me in a
" satisfactory manner/' Along with a
letter of the above tendency, it was deter-
mined that a present of a lakh of rupees
in value* should be sent.

After this Nouab Mooneeroodowlah and
Rajah Shitab . Rae .came to Calcutta in

company

• 100,000 rupees.

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8

company with Lord Clive ; and his Lord-
ship, in conjunction with them. General
Carnac, Captain S. and Mr. George Van*
sittart, but without the knowledge of the
Members of the Council, having gone to
the garden of Dumdumah, wrote the letter,
and having impressed on it the seal of Shah
Alum Badshah, gave it with the embroi-
dered cover in charge of Captain S., in
order that he might proceed as an ambas-
sador on the part of the Emperor of Hin-
doostan to the King of England, and having
presented a.gift of a lakh of rupees in value
to the English Sovereign, and his object
having been attained, he might return.
In this transaction a Moonshee, on the
part of Shah Alum Badshah, was required
to accompany Captain S.; and all the
gentlemen having resolved to send me,
they presented me, through the medium
of Mooneeroodowlah, with 4,000 rupees
(for my expenses) from the Emperor's

Treasury,

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9

Treasury^ and b^ld put hopes to me of the
future favour of my Sovereign. Being
then young, I was pleased with the pros-
pect of an excursion to :]SurQpe, and em-
barked with Captain S.

After a week s voyage, the Captatin told
me that Lord Clive had taken from him
Shah Alum's letter, and intimated that the
present for bis Majesty qf Eiigland had
not yet arrived from Benares ; and as it
was not proper to take the mere letter, it
would be more expedient to wait till the
^isuing year, when having procured the
presents along with the letter, and haying
arrived in Europe, he (Lord Clive) would
give them in charge to him, and he would
then present the letter and gift to the King
of England. Upon hearing this, [ was stu-
:pified (with amazement), and I uqdoubt^
edly imagined that there was some (other)
cause, and that this was only the pretext>
and that this troublesome journey would

c be

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10

be prbdtictive of no ultimate advanlage t^
me. If I had known this before I would
not have undertaken it, but

** when an action is done,

** And when the arrow has deviated from the mariCy'^

there is no remedy ; artd being unable to
better tnyself, I rested content with God's
intentions, and he caused to fall light
upon rne the labour and hardships of the
Voyage.

Gn the 1 1th of Shaban in the year 1 180*
(in the month of Makh),-!- trusting on the
mercy of God, I embarked on board ship
from the town of Higelee, and having bid
ildieu to Cazee Shaikh Alee Moola, who
had accompanied me thus far, God only
knows the grief that assailed my heart at
being separated froiti my native land and
relations. After We had weighed anchor
we reached the seain four days, the foam
of whose wave gleams at night like lamps.

I made

* 1765 A.D. t The Bengallee month.

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11

I made a practice of bathing ^itb salt^
water. European doctors are of opinion
that the sea water and air are healthful,
and in sickness are advantageous ; as 1 my-
self experienced, not having been attacked
(during the voyage) with sickness, with
the exception of a griping and flux, whicb
were cured by eating the seed of flea wort*
The innate property of the iron of
the compass is similar to that of amber,
which attracts grass, and this is a sf>e«
cies of iron that attracts iron. The
needle of the compass constantly points
to the North, and by reason of it Euro-
peans are able navigators ; and they have
so simplified both nautical and other sci-
ences, that to them the acquiring of know-
ledge is not attended with labour. They
are a very powerful race, by reason of
their industry and bravery. They have
facilitated, in like manner, other matters

c 2 of

* Piyllii semen.

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12

of difficiiltj^. This is their peculiar busi-
ness, and in which they differ from other
castes.

During storms they ascend to the top
and top-gallant masts of the ship, evecr
although the wind be strong, and occa-
sionally hang like bats from the ropes of
the vessel. They have not the least fear in
their hearts, as I myself witnessed in the
last voyage. One night, during a stiff gale;
the three top-gallant masts were carried
away, and a European on a top-gallant*
yard fell overboard with it. One of the
chip's watch, who was standing near the
gangway, instantly threw hkn a rope^ and
called out to him to lay hold of it. The
man, twisting the rope round his hand,
was hauled on board by the watch, and
having received no injury, in a short time
recommenced his work.

They term that wind " shoartah,*' when,
after a storm has blown over, a gentle and

pleasant

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IS

pleasant breeze, like a morning gale, pre-
vails : from it the seamen, after the labour
attending a storm, obtain rest. Some-
times, however, it happens that there is
no breeze at all, the ship is becalmed, and
the masts swing from this side to that
Then the extent of sea resembles glass,
being transparent and blue; the vessel
does not advance on her voyage, and
in some parts (of the ocean) remains sta^*
tionary a week or a fortnight. The mari-
ners then sing and amuse themselves, and
the gentlemen (passengers) enjoy themselves
in dancing with their ladies. To me all
this appeared strange ; and becoming des-
pending, I thought^ if the ship remains
here a few months we will all be starved^
and when shall I be able to return to my
native country ?

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14

CHAPTER II.

The Author amves at the island of Mauritius, and what
occurred there.

' On the 7th of Shoual I arrived at the
Mauritius. I paid a visit to a person
called a Sarang, or an officer of Lascars,
and to seven Musselmans, who were natives
of Hooghly, Bulwar, Umbo, &;c., and
who had come (together) to pray at the
feast.* I observed that every man had a
wife and children, and from having lived
there some time they had no inclination to
return to they: own country. They had
married female slaves of the French, and
had become their servants, consequently
their masters would not allow them to leave.
I was greatly rejoiced at seeing my country-
men, and through their means, during the

sixteen

* After the fast of Ramazan »

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15

sixt^n days that I remained there, I was
comfortably lodged.

The island of Mauritius is seventy-five
coss* in breadth. Towards the centre
there are bills, woods, and desolate tracts;
but on the east side two or three thousand
begahs-f- of land are cultivated, where also
is a Ismail city 4 The French factory and
fort iare ^constructed of stone, and are sur-
bounded by gardens. Every respectable
Frenchman having selected for himself a
quarter of a coss of land, surrounds it with
a hedge and cultivates it. For agricultural
purposes they have (each) fifty or a hun-
dred male and female slaves. These slaves,
in their youth and nonage, are brought
from Madagascar and Malabar : they are
purchased at a high price (fifty or sixty
rupees each) from the ships employed in the

slave-

* A coss is equal to two miles, generally.

f A begah, in Bengal> equal to 1,555 square yards.

J: Port Louis.

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slave-trade, and are employed in cultiraiU
ing. In this island, besides Indian corn,
ratah, dham, wheat, and cholum, there
are no other kinds of grain. Those who
are wealthy live upon fine wheat and rice,
which are imported from Bengal and other
countries ; the poor people and sfaves are
fed upon Indian corn, &c. They also pre-
pare and eat a species of plant which
grows there, the root of which resembles a
radish ; of this flour and bread are made.
I one day ate a little of this breads and it
had neither a sour, sweet, nor salt tast^.

In the bazar, by means of the Lascars,
I procured mangoes,* water-melons, cu-
cumbers, musk-melons, and the other
varieties of fruits peculiar to the Bengal
month Jet. The weight of a mangoe was
a quarter of a seer,*!- and some half a seer,
and not fibrous, but of an excellent flavour:

the

^ The fruit of the Maugifira Indica.

f A seer is generally equal to two pounds.

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the colour of the mangoes was green out^
side and blue inside. In Bengal this spe-
cies of mangoe is scarce. Amongst the
hills the cauzee nimboo and red pepper
grow spontaneously : they are brought in
from the jungles by the poor inhabitants,
who sell them in the bazar.

Here copper money and cowries are not
current; but there is a paper currency,
from one hundred or two hundred rupees
down to eight and four annas. Notes are
the medium in purchases and sales. The
cold is great, and the earth is arenaceous,
therefore a wall of mud and brick is not
permanent. The houses arfe constructed
of wood; the verandah of the house is
likewise wooden. Wheels are placed below
the floor, by which the house is elevated
one or two cubits from the ground. The
grass not being adapted for thatching, they
fix with iron nails pieces of wood on the
roof, after the manner of tiles, the one

D over

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over the other, and the smallest quantity
of rain-water does not percolate through,
A house does not stand in need of repairs
till after 50 or 100 years- The dwelling
being on wheels, when they wish they use
it like a carriage, and convey it far or near,
even to the distance of one or two coss.

Around the whole of this island, on ac-
count of the dangers, there is no anchorage
for vessels, except near the town ; in the
passage to which, for the distance /of three
coss, there is considerable danger, and it
is difficult for ships to near the shore, also
for unpractised navigators to pa^s and. re-
pass there. On this account, when for
many years there was war between the
French and English, the English, although
they got possession of all the other French
islands, yet were unable to take this one*

Jt is said, that when this island was inha^
bited by the Portuguese, rock snakes, serr
pents, and scorpions were so numerous,

that

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that the people were unable to remain.
It was then handed over to the French,*
when their priests, by a kind of necro-
mancy, having caught the snakes, scor-
pions, &c., placed them in boats, took*
them a distance of two or three go9A
and threw them into the sea : from that
time, snakes, scorpions, &c. have been
unknown in the island. God knows, how-
ever, how far this is true. Fish are abun-
dant; the inhabitants catch them with
hooks and nets ; but I did not observe any
(exactly) like the Bengal fish, yet a few
resemble the crowfish, and others in colour
are like the ierinpotha^ but their mouth
was wide and broad ; there are also fish
similar to the bheda and hhugut. I relished
(from amongst all the fish) the ponthaj
whose colour is white with red spots : both
the colour was beautiful and. the taste
excellent. I saw, likewise, other fish of
D 2 good

♦ In 1720.

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good flavour, resembling bonalee and mocr
both with and without scales.

The second day after we landed on the
island rain and wind set in, and for three
or four days a great istorm raged. The
rain fell in torrents, and two French ships,
laden with merchandize, and each riding
with a couple of anchors, from the violence
of the gale dragged their anchors, and
were wrecked among the breakers. Our
ship, also, when approaching the breakers,
was run foul of by a Spanish man-of-war ;
but by the mercy of God and the e:(ertiQn»
of our brave hands we returned in safety (to
our anchorage). The outer plank of the
vessel having received some injury, she
leaked a little ; both the boats; on bo^rd
were stove in, and their planks shivered tq
pieces.. For sixteen days we rentained
there to repair the damage the ship had
sustained. In this storm, many vessels wejre
wrecked and injured, (but) after (this) till

we

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we arrived in Europe we did not experi-
ence such a severe gale, neither did any
misfortune befall us. Captain S. and Mr.
Peacock,* in a sportive and joking man-
ner, said to me, ** Owing to your prosper-
" ous foot*!* andjyour worth, there is no
" fear (of danger)." I replied, " From an
^^ impure creature like me, and from my.
^^ poor foot, what advantage is there?
*^ But God, in his providencet hath
^^ watched over his servants^ and hath
^^ poreaerved his slaves' field of hope fre»h
" and verdant/'

* Another passenger.

f Lucky feet, and the influence of the evil eye, are
firmly believed in, both by Musselmans and Hindoos.

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CHAPTER III.

Of the Cape of Good Hope^ and the Island of Ascension.

After we bad weighed anchor our-
course was south-west. When we neared
the Cape of Good Hope we were unable-
to weather it on account of an adverse
wind, and retrograded five hundred coss:
For twenty-five days the wind blew from
the same quarter. When it abated a little-
we doubled the Cape with great difficulty.
For two weeks we lay at anchor at Cape
(town).

The Cape itself is a promontory of the
country of Hubsh.* The country round
the Cape is under the dominion of the Dutch,
who have built near the sea a beautiful city,
and there planted diflFerent varieties of Eu-
ropean and Indian trees, such as the vine,

apple,

* Black.

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apple, nashputee, quince, pear, bandana^
mangoe, and plantain. The inhabitants
plant cypress and box trees in their gar-
dens and along the walks, and are great
horticuIturalists« Before the Dutch settled
at the Cape it was a wilderness, and the
Hottentots and Bushmen of the country
were like the caste of Tumblers in India :
they carried their houses along with them ;
and men, women, and children, to the
number of seven or eight thousand, with
horses, sh6ep, and cattle (were in the habit)
of coqfiing to the Cape from another coun-
try, and having remained there for three
or four years, afterwards moved off in
another direction. The clothing (of the
Hottentots) is undressed skins, and their
diet raw and half-raw meat, also milk^
mutton^ and wild fruits. They are of a
good stature and corpulent, and are so
swift and active in tiie chase, that they
catch with ease wild boars and deer. They

dig

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dig deep pits in the elephants' haunts^
and when these animals come in herds
from the jungles and hills to graze, they
make a great noise with musketry, and
drive them in the direction of the pits,
into which they fall, and in a few days
they die for want of food and water, and
the Hottentots dispose of the ivory tusks
to merchants.

The Dutch purchase men, women, and
children in Bengal. I visited some of
these slaves, and although they had for-
gotten the Hindee and Bengalee languages,
yet we were able to converse by signs.
They used to fish for me.

The island of Ascension is situated to
the north-west of the Cape, and we ar-
rived there after a month's voyage. This
island is uninhabited. Fish are plentiful
here. Amongst them there was a small
species resembling the crow-fish: the mouth
is gaping, and the body covered with

scales

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scales of a black colour ; they are' of ex-
cellent flavour and in great numbers. The
seamen took them with hook^.

Here the turtle is of great size, and
weighs twenty mauijds,* or even more.
On moonlight nights, when they repair to
the sandy beach of the island to deposit
their eggs, the seamen conceal themselvea
^nd lie in wait for them at some distance.
When the turtle lands the people rush for-
ward, seize him behind, and overturn him.
In this way, in one night, we caught forty
•or fifty, and the flesh and eggs were a great
treat to the crew. A turtle served for a
day's consumption. Water fowl (of all
sorts) abound here, and birds resenobling
the kulung are numerous ; but they do not
build nests, for there are neither trees nor
grass here; they live in pair» on the tops
of hills, rocks, and eminences. I observed
that they were not afraid of manj for whea

E the

* A maund is equal to twelve seers, or twenty-four pounds^

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the sailors attempted to seize them they
merely screamed, and struck with their
beaks at the hands of the men who caught
them.

The men gave me two birds of the goose
species, which I carried on board, and iny
servant, Muhumud Muckeem, was well
pleased at seeing them. Having killed
them, he cleaned and purified them, and
dressed them in ghee* and with hot and
cold spices ; but the meat was tough, and
an unpleasant stench could not be got rid
of. At last we threw the whole dish into
the sea: but the Europeans ate them,
having first grilled them on the fire. Euro-
peans, particularly the French caste, are
certainly very dirty feeders.

The ocean is full of wonders. If I chose
to write of them all it would require a se-
parate volume, therefore a short account
will suffice.

1st. The

♦ Clarified butter.

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1st. The flying fish in appearance re-
sembles thedewa fish of this country; it is
three fingers in length, and on the sides
there are a couple of wings, which are four
fingers long, similar to a spider's web, and
of a finer texture than silk paper. As long
as the wing of the fish remains moist they
have the power of flying : when the wing
becomes dry from the sun and wind acting
upon it, the fish falls into the sea or upon
the vessel. Seamen place a small quantity
of opium in the belly of this fish, carefully
preserve it, and dispose of it at a high price
in India and other countries. The doctors
of Hindoostan say that it is a powerful
stimulant, and from eating it an impotent
person recovers his lost powers. The sand-
fish likewise possesses this property.

2d. The sea mugur,* or in English the

whale ; in bulk it is equal to two full-

E 2 grown

* Mugur is commonly translated alligator, here it means
a cetaceous animal.

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grown elephants, and evien larger: its
jaws, also, are like those of an elephant.
Its nostrils are on the crown of the head.
In the act of inspiration water gets into
its throat, and when it expirates the water
is thrown, out and rises like a fountain,
and in height equal to that of a palmyra
tree, and with a. mighty noise, so as to be
heard at the distance of a mile.

In expectation of getting something to
eat, and in order to see the ship, one of
them approached us. At one tiipe it
dived, and at another rose above the sur-
face. If uponits emersion it had happened
to strike the vessel, even slightly, perhaps
she would have been bilged. When I saw
it I was greatly alarmed, and was afraid
of its near approach.

3d. The mermaid is a beautiful woman
from the head to the waist, with two
breasts, a mouth like a flower, black
tresses, dark eyes, of a good stature, with

eyebrows

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eyebrows like a bow. On seeing her coun-
tenance the hearts of lovers are wounded,
and those who are inexperienced in affairs
of the heart are confined in the snare of
her enticements. Beneath her waist half
the limbs and lower parts resemble a fish
with a forked tail. The effigy of this ani-
mal is placed on the stems and sterns of
ships. These extraordinary beings are
seen by mariners near dangerous parts of
the ocean, and when they appear it is a
bad omen. May God in his mercy prevent
any one from seeing its countenance, for
it is a kind of genii. When it sits upright
in the water to the waist and shews its face,
the sailors viewing its countenance lose
their senses. It then calls on one of them
by name. The individual called upon, on
hearing its voice, becomes greatly agitated,
and prepares to go upon hearing the call
repeated : at the third summons he leaps

into

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into the sea, and is lost to the view of be-
holders. They say that if that person were
to be bound with a chain of iron even that
could not detain him.

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CHAPTER IV.

The author arrives at Nantz, in France, and what happened
there He lands in England.

When we bad approached within one
or two coss of the shore, at Nantz, a town
in France, we let go the anchor and fired
a gun : a pilot-boat then put off to us,
and the pilot brought us to the wharf of
the French Company.

Then the poor people who dealt in every
commodity came and offered us for sale
different kinds of fruit, bread, and fresh
butter. The sailors, who had not seen this
fare for six montlis, regaled themselves on
it, and were greatly rejoiced at seeing their
native land. I myself for six months had
(hardly) seen any thing besides the sea
and sky, and like a wild animal confined
in the cage of the ship was continually

numbering

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numbering the planks, and thought that
there were perhaps no bounds to the ocean*
In short, the sight of the land and the
buildings infused a new life into my frame.

I thought it strange that the lower or-
ders of French, who (I suppose) were un-
able to purchase (leathern) shoes, wore
wooden ones, in which they walked along
in a ludicrous and whimsical mannen In
England, though there are (many) poor
people, yet they do not appear abroad
without (leathern) boots or shoes. Captain
S» and Mr. Peacock, seeing the (miserable)
condition of these people, laughed, and
said : " These are very wretched people,
" but it is all owing to their own indo-
" lence, for they are not industrious like
" the English/'

When we came alongside the custom^
house, the custom-house officers came on
board, and stationed sentinels, because
it is an edict of the French king that no.

private

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private person (clandestinely) shall bring
or dispose of nierchandize : if any one does
so, the goods are seized and a penalty in-
flicted. Under these circumstancesi the
mates, a doctor, and a clergyman, who
had brought some pieces of cloth from
Bengal, concealed them, like thieves, in
their pockets, tied them round their necks,
rolled them round their waists, and went
to their own houses.

Captain S. and Mr. Peacock having dis-
embarked, went in search of a hired lodg-
ing, and I remained two or three days on
board. These gentlemen took a great
quantity of cloth and other things with
them, for the French (custom-house) offi-
cers do not molest Englishmen and people
of other nations, but allow them to pass
unexamined.

I remained in Nantz for sixteen days,

after which Captain S. and Mr. Peacock

set out post in a carriage for England, and

F I,

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I, embarking on board a sloop with, the
baggage that was left behind, after a week's
voyage arrived at Calais. I remained
there a fortnight, and went about seeing
the sights in the town. The country
people build the walls of their habitations
of stone and plaster ; and having finished
(the wood work) of the roof of the house,
they place upon it earthen tiles. In
Europe there are no bamboos; for this
reason the roof is made with planks. The
food of the lower classes consists of broth
and barley bread : their dress is of thick
woollen, or cloth made from the hemp
plant, of which also ropes aire spun. Only
a few of the people wear (leathern) shoes
and boots ; the generality do not.

The French assert that the English are
instructed by them in music and horse-
manship, for the wealthy among the
English send their sons and daughters to
the schodls in France ; in consequence of

which.

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35

which, aay they, th& English are oaw skilled
in the arts and sciences. In former times
they had neither the abilities nor tUe skill
which they now possess, and were ignorant;
like the generality of Hindoostanees :
however they allow that they are brave
soldiers. The lower classes of Engli^ (say
they) do not go to foreign countries to
serve or get employment ; why ? < because
they are a stupid race and slow at acquire
ing knowledge, therefore even if they did
go to other countries, no person would
employ them, consequently they would
be reduced to misery for want of food and
clothes. But the French caste are skilled
in all the arts and sciences, and wherever
they go they ingratiate themselves with
strangers, and acquire dignity and honour
In short, I clearly perceived that the whole
conversation of the French was an attempt
to display their own superiority, and without
any good reason they abused other castes.
F 2 After

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After leaving Calais I arrived in Eng-
land in one day, at the small sea-port of
Dover, The custom-house officers came
on board the packet to examine us, and
in the trunk of Mr. Peacock's wife, who
was of the caste of black Portuguese,
they discovered two pieces of moosujhur,*
and one piece of kumkhoab;-f- they
therefore determined to punish her. I
disembarked and put up at an inn, and
having written a letter concerning all that
had happened to me, I despatched it by
post to Captain S., then in London.

I was constantly in the habit of viewing
the sights both in the city and neigh-
bourhood ; and the English, who had never
before seen a man of Hindoostan dressed
in the manner I was, accounted me a
great curiosity. They came to me in

crowds

* A kmd of silk cloth.

t Commonly pronounced kincob, silk worked with gold
or silver flowers.

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37

crowds, and because I was a foreigner
they were very kind to me. The great and
small of the town shewed me that they
were friendly and favourably disposed
towards me, as if I had been an old ac-
quaintance: I was comforted by their
kindness and humanity, and care was ba-
nished from my souL

One day some people took me along
with them to the assembly-room, where
were ladies and gentlemen and a band of
music. As soon as we arrived there, a stop
was put to the dancing and music, and
they all began to stare at me, and having
examined my robe, turban, shawl, and
other parts of my costume, they thought
that it was a dress for dancing or acting
in. I endeavoured to persuade them to
the contrary, but they would not believe
me ; and every one in the assembly con-
tinued to gaze at my dress and appear-
ance, and I continued observing their

excellent

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38

excelleot eDtertainment : and it is singular
that ly who went to see. a spectacle,
became myself a sight to others. In that
wisdom-deceiving assembly, the fairies^
seeing the Hoorees* that were there met,
drew over their faces the veil of shaine ;
and the boys of Paradise viewing their
sun-like faces, being put out of counte«^
nance,^ hung down their heads. I myself,
losing my senses, could see no di£ference
between the brightness of a lamp and the
splendour of their beauty. I stood like a
staUie in one spot, and reflecting on the
excelling power of the Almighty, I praised
the Lord, and recited this distich :

« Out of dust he produces a (living) bo^»
<< And from seed makes a fair &ce/'

Captain S. and Mr. Peacock having
come down from London in order to re-
cover their effects, placed me along with
Muhumud Muckeem in a carriage ; and

after

.* Black-eyed nymphs of Paradise.

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after our arrival in London, and in the
neighbourhood 6f Go vent Garden, in Cap-
tain S/s brother's house, we rested our-
selves after the hardships of the voyage.

I was highly pleased with London, and
the English likewise were much gratified
at seeing u)e« Notwithstanding I was
neither a man of science nor abilities, yet
they treated me kindly. Truly, I am
unable to praise sufficiently the worth and
virtues of Europeans, for they esteem a
traveller or an inhabitant of a foreign
country dearer to them than their own life,
and take great pains to win the confidence
of strangens, and greatly patronized me.

Before I went to England the English
had never seen a moonshee dressed in the
manner I was, only Chatgaon and Juhan-
geer Nuggur Lascars,* the people were
(therefore) unacquainted with the manners
and conduct of a Hindoostanee : on this

account

* Htndoottanee seamen.

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40

account I was reckoned a gr«it man of
• Bengal, if not brother to some nouab or
other, and people came from far and near
to visit me. Whenever I attempted to go
abroad, crowds accompanied me, and the
people in the houses of the bazars thrust
their heads out of the windows and gazed
at me with wonder. The children and
boys took me for a black devil, and being
afraid kept at a distance from me.

At the time I arrived in London it was
the hot season, and I used to dress in my
jamah,* with my turban on my head, a
sash tied round my waist, and a dagger in
my belt, and went abroad after the manner
of a man of Hindoostan. Many people
were much pleased with my costume, and
a few thought it was the dress of the
Harem and of delicate females. After
two or three months had passed in this
way every one entered into friendship with

me,

* A long gannent.

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41

me^ and the fear which the common peo-
ple had of me all vanished : they then
approached m^, and the ladies of the
bazar, smiling, said, ^^ come, my dear, and
kiss me/'

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42

CHAirrER V.

A Deflcriptionof the City of London The Buildings.

St. James's Park Hie StreeU and i

What can 1 say in praise of the City of
London? for on the whole face of the
earth there is no other so large or so beaiu-
tiful. My tongue wants ability to describe
in a fitting manner the excellence of that
city.

A river flows through the midst of it,
upon which is seated the city fort, which
is built of black stone aifd is very strong :
it is called the Tower. In it are numerous
armouries, and 1 saw there an immense
number of cannon of brass and gun-metal,
both plain and ornamented. One gun is
very large : in length it is sixteen cubits,
and its diameter is such, that if a person
sits down on one side of it, he will not be

able

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abl&to see a person sitting on the oth^r
side. The muzzle is so wide that a mid-
dling-sijised tailor can sit in it and work,
A woman with child of a bastard lived for
a year in> this gun and bore the child ; the
seducer came at night and brought meat
and drink for her, and no other person
knew of it.

In London, edifices of brick are nume-
rous; but I observed that the churches,
both old and new, were generally con-
structed of stone.

Amongst tfaem the cathedral of St.
Paul's is celebrated for its size and beauty,
and is deserving of being visited. My
tongue is unable to speak its praises.
When I bad entered the edifice and the
gallery. Captain S. (also) entering upon
the gallery, said in a whisper, " Moonshee,
" what are you about ?*' I was then stand-
ing at the distance of forty cubits from
him, and his voice fell distinctly on my
G 2 ear;

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44

ear; wd I replied, " I am viewing the
" s^jefstacle;'' and my answer likewise was
plainly heard by the Captain on the other
«de, iProia.^. gallery, ascending by the
oilter $t^m of the building, I reached the
^PP^i* t^Ft 0f the oupola, from whence
tpn qr twelve qoss of the plain below fell
under my view : then all the buildings of
five and $§vea stories appeared in my eye
tp b^ very »a(ia)I, and the people^ horses,
and sheep 9e€^!ned to be the size of cats;
Truly it was a heart-opening and a pleasure^
iQspir^pg f«^l^^« There are no ^tooe bikild-
iQgs, eitt^er of the strength, hdight, or si^
of this in Hindoofi^tan, with the exception
of a f^w of the dQmes of Bejapoor.*

Westminster Abbey w^. built by a king
of Penmark 2 it w very anicienit, but even
nc^w it appear fi^em* In it there are sta<^

tues

* The loausoleum <^ Sultan MaliinoQd Shab, which I
have seen, is surmounted by an immense cupola, and is
equal in height t6 St. Paul's; in it there is also an excellent
whispering gallery. — T.

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twes which were executed' by the first
si$alptar9% One of them is the figure, of a
beautiful female: itisof marble, and three
and a half cubits in height; it stands in
the centre of the edifice^ on a white slab*
From a distance it seems to be a woman
standing with a sheet thrown over her
head. The lioeaments, the curling of the
tresses, and folds of the skirt and veil^
were all iguii^hed to a nicety. When i
yiewed it from a short distance^ I knew
not whether it was a living or an inanimate
fans; but upcHi approaching it I was
greatly amazed at seeing so beautiful a
statue* Similar to this one I saw many
other statues and beautiful fwrns, and
from b^holdisg them my heart was glad-
deoed.

The King^s palace externally is neitfaer
beautiful nor magnificent: the ext^or
milkk aie uiot even plastered, and it re-
sembles

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46

sembles the houses of the merchants; but
the residence of the Queen is very hand^
some. I was informed that the interior of
the King's Palace is elegant and chaste,
as the suites of rooms and the buildings of
the harem, which are painted of a verdi-
gris colour.

The generality of the houses in London
are of three and five stories. In this
country (Bengal) the rooms are lofty, in
order that there may be a current of air
in hot weather ; but in consequence of the
cold and frost in Europe, they are low.
The floors are wooden, the ceilings are
painted white, and the walls are covered
with coloured paper. When the wind
blows the walls of the houses shake, and
strangers are afraid of their falling ; but .
there js no cause for fear, though I myself
was alarmed.

Near the Queen's Palace there is a park,

in

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47

in which deer are kept : the walks on both
sides are lined with shady walnut-tre^.
On Sunday, men, women, and youths,
pocw and rich, travellers and natives, resort
here* This park enlivens the heart, and
people overcome with sorrow, repairing
thither, are entertained in a heavenly man-
ner ; and grieved hearts, from seeing that
place of amusement, are gladdened against
their will. On every side females with silver
forms, resembling peacocks^ walk about,
and at every corner fairy-faced ravishers
of hearts move with a thousand blandish-
ments and coquetries ; the plain of the
earth becomes a paradise from their res-
plendent foreheads, and heaven (itself)
hangs down its head for shame at seeing
the beauty of the loves. There lovers meet
their fairy-resembling sweethearts: they
attain their end without fear of the cutwal*

or

* The chief officer of police of a dty or town.

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or of rivals, and gallants obtain a sight of
rosy cheeks without restraint. When I
viewed this heavenly place I involuntarily
exclaimed :

^ If there's a heayeii on the face of the earth,
** ItBherel itNkherel his hereT*

The streets of the city are spacious. On
both sides are' houses, three and five stories
in height, which are uniform, resembling
the dalcntta barracks. They are neither
crooked nor deviate from a straight line,
therefore strangers and ignorant people
are apt to commit mistakes. To prevent
errors, the owner of a house causes his
name to be engraved on a brass plate

which

* ** Agvar firdos be rooe zumeen ust— humeen ust, hu-
meenusty humeri ust"

And the love that is o'er, in expiring gives birth
To a new one, as warm, as unequalled in bliss ;

An^ oh I if there be an Elysium on earthy
It is this I it is this I

MOORB.

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which is affixed on the upper part of the
outer-door. Arlizans and tradespeople
have the signs of their occupations painted
on a board which is attached to their doors :
as, for instance, if it be a shoe-maker,
there is the figure of a shoe ; if a baker,
the picture of a loaf; if a fruiterer, differ-
ent kinds of fruit. I was told that in the
same way the residences of the cyprians
are distinguished : of this, however, more
hereafter.

The people of condition inhabit the first
and second floors of the houses : the fourth
floor is appropriated to servants; the
ground floor is rented as a shop. In the
shops are glass-cases, in which the different
articles are properly arranged.

The streets are paved with stone, and
their breadth is such that three carriages
are able to pass one another: besides, for
foot passengers, on both sides x)f the streets

H there

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there is a space of two yards and a half in
width. Horsemen and quadrupeds are
not permitted to go upon the pavement^
which is set apart for foot passengers and
gown-dressed ladies*

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CHAPTER VI.

The Theatre Circus Juggling Vauxhall

The gigantic Woman.

In Europe the manner in which plays
are acted, and balls and musical parties
conducted, is (entirely) diflferent from
that of Hindoostan. The people of this
country (India) send for the singers to their
own houses, where they view the enter-
tainments, and squander away a large sum
of money for one night*s (amusement). In
Europe it is usual for a few individuals to
enter into partnership, (or) as it is called
in English, a company. They fit up a
house, in which dancing-girls, skilful
musicians, singers, and actors, are engaged
to perform. The audience consists of from
three to four thousand people. The lower
orders, who sit above all, give one shilling,
H 2 equal

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equal in value to half a rupee ; the middle
classes, who sit lowest of all, a rupee and
a half; and the great folks and noblemen,
who sit (round) the middle of the house,
give two rupees and a half. Separate
rooms (boxes) are allotted for them. The
place where the King sits is in front of
the dancers* His Majesty sits there along
with one or two of the Princes, and these
give each pn'ashrufee.* Now it is to be
understood, that a . poor man for eight
antias,-f:and a rich individual for rwo rupees
and a half, see a spectacle which is fit for
Royalty itself, arid which the people of
ihk country have not even seen in their
dreams. In one , night the dancers and
musicians collect five or six thousand
rupees, which cover the expenses, and the
audience is sufificiently aniused.

It

* A gold coin. . Hie Calcutta ashrufee is equal in value
to£Lll8.8d.

f Sixteen annas make a rupee.

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53.

. It is the aim of this caste to acconiplisb
great undertakings at little expense. In
Hindoo^tan luxurious young men, for see-
ing a nauch,* squander away, in one night,
one or two hundred rupees ; and lakhs of
rupees of patrimony, which they may sue-*
ceed to> in a short time take wing.

How can I describe the dances, the
melodious sound of violins and guitars,
and the interesting stories which I heard,
and (all the things) which I saw ? My pen
lacks ability to write even a short pane-
gyric.

From amongst all the spectacles, that
of the curtains of seven colours (the scenes)
is exceedingly wonderful, for every instant
anew painting is exhibited. Then people,
disguised like angels and fairies, the one
moment come upon the stage and dance,
and the next vanish from the sight. There
is also a roan with a black face, who is a

kind

♦ A dance.

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kind of devil, and called Harlequin : at
one time he appears, and at another time
hides himself, and sometimes attaches him-
self to the others, and taking the hands
of the dancing-girls, he dances with them ;
he then scampers off, and taking a leap,
he jumps through a window. At seeing
this sport I laughed very heartily. In a
word, the (whole) entertainment is excel-
lent and wonderful.

Talking is not permitted in the Theatre :
although the crowd is great, yet there is
neither noise nor clamour. When a pleas-
ing story or adventure is heard or witnessed,
and they wish to express their approbation,
instead of saying shabash /* or wah I wah I-f
they beat the floor with their feet, or they
clap their hands, by which they signify
their approval.

I saw many plays performed. From
amongst them is the (following) story, on

which

♦ Excellent 1 f Bravo! Bravo I

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which a play is (founded), and which I saw
meted. A certain Captain was married,
and without the knowledge of his spouse
he likewise wedded another woman. When
his first wife became acquainted with this
circumstance she raised a great clamour,
and in a mighty rage laid her complaint
before a court of justice. In the law-books
of this caste it is ordained, that bigamy
being a very serious offence, the punish-
ment is death. The judges, therefore,
sentenced the Captain to be executed.
Then the prosecutrix, who for many years
had been affectionately attached to her
husband, grew ashamed of having com-
plained, cried exceedingly, and resolved
upon dying, and, in tears, accompanied
her criminal husband to the place of exe-
cution, and went along beating her head
and breast. The other female likewise,
with her heart on fire, walked on the other
side of the man, who walked between the

two

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two, and like a corpse procejeded on the
joad of death. At the place (of executioa)
there was so much grief (displayed) that I
jam unable to describe it. In the end, the
judges, by the King's recommendation,
pardoned the Captain's crime.

The Circus is a house where a horseman

resides, who is unrivalled in his profession,

and in riding surpasses Sham^ and Eos-

tum.-f* The Circus is a favourite resort :

those who go there give each a shilling (for

.admittance). The horseman first brings

.forward a horse, which he animates by the

application of the whip. During the time

the horse is galloping he takes a leap^ and

isprings upon his back and stands upright,

then stands on one leg and turns round,

the horse all the time galloping swiftly in

a circle. This accomplished rider then

dances oo the horse's back, and wheels

round.

* A name of the Hindoo god Krishna,
f One of the twelve champions of Persia.

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round. Sometimes he lies at length on its
back, at other times he stands erect ; at
one moment he stoops down, at another,
placing his head on the saddle, he throws
his heels in the air, and beats time with
his feet; and sometimes lifting his hands
from the saddle he claps them, and keeps
time with both hands and feet: again,
placing both hands on the saddle, he
tumbles over. But the most amusing
part of the exhibition is this : though the
money in Europe is very small, yet he
seizes (a piece) with his lips, and lifts it
from the ground. Now the chabook souars*
of Hindoostan take*' up pieces of money
with the hand, which is nothing compared
with this. After this feat he produces a
second horse, and causes the two to gallop
side by side, and dances and turns round,
sometimes on the one and sometimes on
the other. Afterwards a third horse is

I brought

♦ Horse-breakers.

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l^rpught Outi an4 hq dances, on it in ^be
aameiway: he then leaps, over the t)|i^
hpiises from onf^ side, apd alighte Qfh ^k^
ground,, on Jjia feet, on the othec. At; tk^
all whp were present were amazef).

He ni^^t placed a bar and caused a^hpii^
to leap oTer it. He then.^lev^ted the Iwr^:
and qpon attempting to take the (high^fj]^
Ipap the horse grazed the bar with one of
ijis hind fe^t, and both horse and rider felji;
tp^thts ground* The fall was a severe oqj?^
but the horseman accounted it a tri^i.
and springing up instantly he quiqkly/reHr
mounted, in order that no one might ;S93r^
there was any defect in his hprsemanshipi;
a4}d feeling annoyed at the horse's wanti o£
power?! he punished it slightly, and anin
qiating it by causing it to gallop oound
the circus, he then cleared the lofty baiv
and all the spectators applauded 90id' tes^
l^ed their approbation^

Juggling

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Ju'tfiGLilirG-^Ftom amongst the juggling
tffeks tbete ^as the following. Ri a sma!!
copper cistern tliere was a Wdodeh dtfck
fSek a swimnking, the spedtators -standing
tbundi The jtiggler then made a sigta in
a certdih dfrectiim, and the duck immedi-
ately iturh<^ its t^d towards hint, and
apphi)adhing the side of the crstem, re-
l^^ined there. The fetters coniposing pebJ-
ple s names being written on separitb piec^
of paper, wferfe disposed apart round the
sides of the feisterfa: the diick^ of itself,
dabbed with its beak at the diifferent let-
ter, until it had gone ovei* all the Idftfefs
bfthfenahie 6f an individual; Althttiigh
I Was lihable thoroughly to com^rtehehd
the reason of this, yet I understand enougti
of it to know thai it wias occasiohted by
thu iniiat^ property of th^ loadstbiie '; for
(ftfbbably) in the body of the duck ia piece
of stfcel was conceialed, and the juggler
I 2 haVih^

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having in his hand a loadstone, to which-
ever side he signed, the wooden duck
went, and remained there.

To the south-west of the metropolis,
and on the other side of the river, there
is a garden which is very extensive. In
the centre of it is a house, where there is
dancing and bands of music : the visitors
amuse themselves below. Women and
girls who are celebrated as singers come
.there and perform, and the audience praise
and applaud them. In the recesses of
the garden are arbours : in one of these
arewiany pictures of men and women, and
some represent fairies with a couple of
wings on each side : these seemed very
beautiful and handsome. There was also
a very correct representation (of the scene)
after the defeat of Nouab Surajah Dowlab,
at Plassy, when Nouab Meermuhumud
Jaffer Cawn, Lord CUve, and the English
officers, are all embracing one another and

shaking

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shaking hands. In other places : there
were fire-works and cascades, and the
great resplendence from the lamps was (to
me) a source of exceeding wonder.

There was an exhibition near the bazar
of the Haymarket of a tall and corpulent
female : the people who went to see this
sight gave each a rupee. Her height ex-
ceeded five cubits. As soon as she heard
that a black Hindoostanee man had come
to pay her a visit, she quickly came to me.
in a mirthful and laughing manner. When
I stood before her I only reached to her
arm-pit. She was stout in proportion to
her height: her wrist was thicker than
raine^ and in bodily strength she resembled
a champion. Truly, her figure was so
desirable, and her face so beautiful, that
my pen is unable to recount the praises
of her countenance and stature, and my
tongue has not the power to give a relation
of her fairness. To be brief, I was amazed

at

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sit tteeing ber; and she not having bdbre
seen a Hindee man dressed out in the
manner I was, contemplatied me ^f a
short timewitii wonder; and I, tiewing
her loveliness and beauty, was confounded.

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After I had resided three months in
LoDdoD, it was with grief and sorrow t\tat
I left it, and in company with Captain S«
arrived at Oxford. However, at seeing
this city my defected heart was gladdened,
and from viewing the beauty and clean
appearance of it, the bird of joy con-
structed a nest on the branch of my heart

Tb<e city of Oxford is distaut three
stages from London. There I beheld the
builfdings of the Univ^sity and ancient
churches^ which were upwards of one
thousand years old, and till this day remain
^tire: they ar« not at all dilapidated,
hut appear ss if they had been recently
^eoted. The roofs of the cathedrals a^re
covered y^ith sheets of lead, and no rain-
water

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water is able to penetrate this. The walls
are commonly of dark stone. I (parti-
cularly) observ^ed one edifice, whose roof
was not supjported by a single beam : it
was entirely terraced over. This was very
strange and wonderful ; for notwithstand-
ing strong winds and tempests, the roof of
the edifice was neither damaged nor in-
jured, although it is without either beam
or pillar. Here there are old gardens,
which are laid out with clumps of trees
and flower-beds. The branches of the
trees are cut so as to form representations
of men, quadrupeds, &c. : these figures
were very curious.

In one of the colleges there was a pro-
fessor of the name of Dr. Hunt, who
shewed me many Persian works. I observed
a translation of the Kuleelah and Dumnah,
and I copied out for Captain S. the epi-
logue of the Furhung Jehangeree. Whilst
here I visited Mr. Jones ; this gentleman

is

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k now in the Court of Calcutta. Captain
S. and Mr. Jones taking me along with
theih^ went to the libraries, where also I
saw numerous books in Persian and Arabic*
Amongst these there were three papers
written in Persian and Turkish characters,
which a certain Mulekool Joosea had sent
to the King of England. At that time
there was nobody in England who could
read Persian (fluently) ; for this reason the
purport and meaning of these papers were
not properly understood, and in every
place thei^ was the markof doubt. They!
shewed theid to me, and I read them with
facility. They likewise, in order to exa-
mine roe and try ray abilities, put different
books into my band, and according to my
Capacity I explained their meaning and
sense.

Formerly, on ship-board. Captain S^

read with me the whole of the Kuleelah

and Dumnah, and had translated the

K twelve

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twelve rules of the Furhung Jehangeree^
which comprise the grammar of the Persian
langaage. Mr. Jones having seen that
translation^ with the approbation of Cap-
tain S.9 compiled his Grammar, and having
printed it, sold it a^ made a good deal
of money by it. This Grammar is a very
celebrated one.

In one of the libraries I saw many statues,
and excellent pictures, by the haiid^ of
skilful painters and old masters. These
were purchased and brought here from
foreign countries at a great price: some
of them for ten and twenty thousand
ru pees. The generality of statues of males
and females, which are cut from marble,
are from Greece. These statues are com-
monly five, six, or seven cubits in height:
perhaps formerly mankind were of this
stature. Although I was no judge of the
excellencies or imperfections in these sta-.
tues, yet I was able to observe that in

beauty.

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beauty, expression of counteoance, grace-"
fulness and dignity, they did not differ a
hair's breadth from an animated body«
The sculptors who formed these bore
away the palm from Mani* and Fur-
hud.-f* Although, at this time, England
is the emporium of the arts in Europe,
notwithstanding this, I heard that now
a^ays they are not able to produce such
pictures and statues as these.

In former times there was a painter in
England who was a complete master of his
profession, and who in his day had no
campetiton Having taken a poor man
into a private recess of his house he intoxi-
cated him, and fixed both his feet with a
nail to the wall, and extending his arms
he likewise made them fast with nails of
iron ; he then stabbed him in the breast
with a knife, and when he was in the
K 2 agonies

* A celebrated Chinese sculptor.

f A Persian statuary of great celebrity.

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agonies of death, and about to give up
the ghost, he (the paintdr) made a correct
delineation of his expression of counte-
nance and (convulsed) limbs. No one
before had ever painted so excellent a pic-
ture, and to others of the profession it
appeared to be one of exceeding value,
and they greatly praised the performance.
However, the murder of the innocent man
did not remain concealed, and punbhment
overtook the person who had committed
this wicked deed, and he was sentenced to
be executed. When this was about to take
place, he said, " My picture is not yet
^^ finished, and I have still to apply some'
" colouring.'" In order to this being done
the picture was given to him. The har-
dened wretch then blotted the canvas with
ink and blackened the face of the painting.
The by-standers were astonished at what
he was doing, and began to lament, saying,
" This excellent picture is now ruined.''

When

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When they brought him into the preseDce
of the sovereign, the King asked him what
was his reason for doing thb P He replied^
^^ It was with great labour and trouble
that I painted this picture : and if I am
to lose mj life for it, what good will the
preservation of it do me ?'' His Majesty
said, " If I were to save your life, are you
" able to restore the painting (to its ori-
" ginal state)?'* He answered, " Cer-
" tainly ; for to every matter of diflGiculty
** ' there is an opening key/' When the
King had determined upon sparing him,
the painter, by some means or other,
wiped off the blots of ink, and made the
painting clean and as free from stains as
it had formerly been. 'Those present were
amazed, and thought him superior to
every other master.

It cannot be concealed, that as long
as there are patrons of science and encou-
ragers of artists, for one picture a lakh of

rupees

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rupees will be given, and a murderer may
escape unpunished. In England it would
be extraordinary if the arts and sciences
did not flourish (from their being encou-
raged). !Now in India, if a person by a
long course of study were to acquire know-
ledge, so as to excel the whole world, yet
he would remain despised and contemned :
he would neither acquire honour nor re-
spect, and in the end misfortune and
misery ^would overtake him. Under these
circumstances, it would be a matter of
wonder if any individual were to apply
himself to, or become distinguished in the
arts and sciences.

I saw the observatory, which is very
lofty. It consists of nine stories : in every
story there are works on astronomy and
astrology. The doctors, ascending to the
upper part, by means of a large telescope
contemplate the seven heavens and twelve
jigns of the Zodiac, and investigate the

influences

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infiuences of the fixed stars and planets^
and of every sign. There I saw, likewise,
the map of the seven climates,* astrolabes,
&c. One of the colleges is that of me-
dicine, in which are suspended from the
roof human bones, from the head to the
foot, and the limbs and joints of the dead
are connected with ircm wires.

* The seven repons of the worid.

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CHAPTER VIII.

The Narrative of the Author's Journey to Scotland

He arrires in Edinburgh Captain S. and his Family.

At the time that Captain S. and myself
left Oxford and set out for Scotland it was
the season of winter. Whilst we were
proceeding on our journey I observed peo-
ple gliding swiftly along on the ice, and I
was told that in one day they go a
distance of fifty, sixty, or even one
hundred coss. Although (formerly) I had
heard the same thing from many gentle*
men, I was greatly surprised at it, and did
not believe them; but now I was con-
vinced by ocular demonstration, and all
doubt vanished from my mind. The
manner in which these people travel on
the ice is as follows : They place on (their
foot) a wooden sole, and attaching to the

middle

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middle of the wood a piece of steel of a
foot in length and of half a finger's breadth,
which is clean; and polished, they strap the
whole on tight to the foot with leather
straps. When they stand upright, the
piece of steel is straight upon the ice ;
if the foot slips and is bent to one side the
person falls down. This exercise requires
^eat practice. If they frequently exer-
cise themselves in it, they will acquire the
power both of gliding along and of turning
in different directions: all which I wit-
nessed; for when they passed along, their
speed. was greater than the wind or an
arrow, and their passage exceeded the
dQight of a bird in swiftness. — ^When they
glided along, the white-robed people of
JBurope appeared . as if angels had des-
cended from heaven and were walking on
the^ earth, or as if fairies were skimming
along the level surface of the ground. I
was • informed > that in the caste : of Hoi*

L landers

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landefs botiti b^xjoh etod in this ex^rciie^
betaiue jn their country rivem and icatwls
ere numeroud. During the period of frost
and ide, the lower classes of the countrj
having placed. «oi}k-pail$ and baskets .cf
vegetables on their heads and sboulden^
«Hikt a circuit of the citi^ and towns^
from the rooming until noon, and return
to , their honies ; and it is. exti»ordioarj!;|
that fxofMx i^ils that are filled with milk
^od gftee/uot a. drop j&ils. neither .«!$
4^ey broken,

. . TrayelUog in a northerly direction, after
» short time we arrived in Scotland. Tiye
country is .divided into . high^-^oida and
1o!f*lands. In Scotland mountains and
forest abound ; the cities are fewtt ijn

Quinber thaq . in England. |^,ow ja^iajoi,

by reason of their industry and alHlity^
there a^e merchmts and. w;ealthy. men
(amongst the Scotch), and these. araJn^
creasing ill. Buiiiber; the t6wos. are: daily
„: . : augmenting,

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iiiigm«M>ting,and tbete !» atso fto inqr^in^pt
m the wMHb. It i$ an undoubted fapjti
&w.t n6hn are acquired by tb« iPUtva)
fri^dship 6f botb castes, hv enioiiiy bor
^eto poveirty.

' =Thel Seotch are 'an abstemioas laeCi
aad'tbeir valoQ? and bravery dre lauei^
wtolled : they esteem Ibemselves fat
nlperior to l&e English, a«id ^y tb?^
tibe Engliaih are great gluttons, and of in-p
ftriof cburage. The English, again, 9^
touni tbemSelves better by reaspn of their
jfiealtfa, and despise the Scotch for being
poor. The latgaages of the two countries
d^^ io^'a few ternis. - "

' Haviag arrived in Bdinbuiuhwre alight*
edat the hoUse of Captain l^/s father. The
^eptain tntroduced me to his parepiM*
His father was very old. There were three
brothers of tbem, John S. ^c, and two
grown-up »ister$ who were spinster?.
In Europe the manner in which people
L 2 marry

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marry is as follows. The consent of botb
the lady and gentleman is requisite* It
b necessary that the mail be good-looking^
of an agreeable temper, wealthy, skilled
in business, and that he have a livelihood^
On the part of the lady, she must likewise
be well-favoured, of a good disposition,
have a portion either from her father of
from a former husband, and be versed in
some of the fine arts. If all these good
qualities are centred in one individual,
that person is a rarity ; and if a man and
woman of the above description join them*
selves in wedlock, it will be a fortunate
circumstance. Some people, however,
look only to wealth, and marry >solely
for itrf If a lady happen to be both ugly
and poor, then no man will connect him-
self with her; for Europe is the emporium
of beauty, and- women excelling in Ipveli-
ness are very. common; also wealthy and
▼irtiious ones (abound): therefore it fol-
lows.

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)0WS) that if a lady have neither beauty
lk)r ridhes, no one inquires after her. On
this account, there are thousands of old
ladieft who have never seen the fece of
man. Of a truth, in whatever country
excellencies abound, their separate values
are depreciated. (In like manner) articles
which in this country (India) are account*
ed of no value, in another country are
Very dear and high-priced. To illustrate
this : in Hindoostan a seer of tamarinds is
sold for a pice,* but in Europe, &c. a seer
sells for a gold mohurj-f- or even more.
• The father of Captain S. became com*
pletely crazed in his old age ; and being
prodigal in his expenditure, his eldest
son, John, according to the usage of
the country in similar cases, laid the
case before the court, and stated : ^^aU
^* though this person is my father, yet

"from

* A pice is a smiiU copper coin,
f Equal in value to fifteen rupeei.

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^Vfrcnil being in liis dotage he faaskbe^
** eome lavish in Tiis expenditure.*' -The
eldest son being tlie heir of. th» property
of kisfiitiier^ die gentlemen of the courti
according to the practice of the' country,
put a stop to his ciitravagatace bj ^epiii^
ing him of the^nianagem^tet^of the pitK
perty, and constituted the eidtot ison the
manage of the estate ; at the same time
enjoining, that he should allbt to his father
whatever was requisite in the way off rfcietd
and clothSes : as I myself iaw was the^oa^
Mr. S: senior, thofugh he was - supertln^
nuated; being upwards of seventy, yet
employed himself in painting, and did
not misspend his time.
^ I leamed that (formerly), when' Captain
S. was in Europe, he was deeply versed in
skirgery, and (once), for the purpose of
dissection, he disinterred the corpse of a
poor man. This having been discovered,
for fear of his life he embarked on

board

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boclrd ship and ran atvay, and for hiaiiy
dajPB practised as. a burgeoD in th(p couop
tries, of .Maibcca and Pegu. . Erom thence
he went to Madras/ and accompanied
Colonel :CUYe(Sabit Jung Buhadoor) to
Calcutta, at . the time of the war with
Noudb Surajah Dowlah. After thiSf in
Aaemabad^ he was a Captain of a bat^
talion of Sepojrs, and on intimate terms
with -General Camac, and a companion in
arms with him in mighty battles, and dis-
tinguished himself by his bravery. He
then, with one battalion, achieyed the
conquest of the countries of Teera and
Roshunabad. After this he served under
the command of Major Adams in the wars
of Casim AUee Khan, and strained every
nerve, and exerted himself greatly (in as-
sisting) to subdue Moongeer and Azema-
bad. He next (served under) the com-
mander-in-chief. General Carnac, when
he attended at the stirrup of Shah Alum

Badsha

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Badsha with an English army. He (Cap^
4aia S.) was . present in the conflicts at
Calpeeand Kor Jehanabad, and attained
a high reputation for valour; add in the
wars of Nouab Shoojaut Dowlah^ he be*
came Goieral Carnac's Iseccetary. Fi-*
nally, for the reason mentioned at the
^commencement of this work, he returned
to. Europe.

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CHAPTER IX.

Some Account of the Highlands.

In that region the towns are few in
number, but mountains, forests and deso-
late spots abound. There, for twelve
months in the year, it snows and rains;
but the males of the country, especially
the lower orders, from being so accus-
tomed to snow and cold, suffer no incon-
venience whatever from either. As an
instance of this, the poorer sort, as the
caste of shepherds, spreading half of
their cloak on the ground, and cover-
ing themselves with the other half, lie
down to sleep in the jungles. When
the snow is collected in a heap on the
cloak, they jump up, give it a shake,
and again betake themselves to rest in
the snow.

M The

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The tails and wool of the sheep are
curled like the cotton of a coverlet ; —
for which reason the cold makes no im-
pression on their bodies, and during the
twelve months the flocks remain out in
the jungles and pasture grounds. During
the time snow is on the ground, and when
they can get neither green herbs nor grass,
both sheep, horses, and cows are fed upon
hay. Those sheep on whose bodies the
wool is sc^nt, by reason of the frost re-
main thin and weak; but there are here
very few of this description. The grass of
Europe is sweet scented, and is highly
nutritive for animals. In Europe there is
neither gram,* mash,-f- nor hurburah;+
but there is a species of grain whose seed
is blackish : it is called corn. The Scotch
people eat this themselves and also feed
horses upon it.

The

* Gram or kookkee, name of a grain (Dolichos biflorus.)
f A kind of vetch (Phaseolus max.) if Unknown.

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The Highlanders wear a bonnet and
jacket, but neither breeches nor boots!
Their lower body is covered to the knee
with the skirt of their jacket; the knee
is bare. Below the knee they wear cot-
ton stockings on their legs, and shoes
with buckles on their feet, and carry
about with them a double-edged sword;
I was told that their valour and bravery
exceed all bounds.

There is a tale, that upon a certain time
a Highlander having come up to London
was walking about in the bazar and was
followed by a crowd of Englishmen and
boys. From amongst the crowd a person,
to create sport, lifted up the skirt of the
Highlander's raiment behind. At this he
was greatly ashamed ; and at the same
time his wrath kindling, with a stroke of
his sword he cut off that person's head.
Then police officers, &c. came to seize him,
and surrounded him both in front and
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rear ; but be undauntedly stood bis
ground before them, prepared either to
kill or die : he wouiided many people,
and on whichever side he made his bb-
sault they fled before him. No one had
the courage even to approach him, how
then could they seize him ? This circum-
stance coming to the knowledge of the
King, he sent some of his own people to
call him to him, and ordered them to say
to him, "his Majesty has sent for you/'
The Highlander, upon hearing the King*s
name mentioned, immediately bowed his
head, and followed those who had been
commissioned to call him. When he came
into the presence of the sovereign, the
Monarch asked him why he had commit-
ted murder without a cause ? The High*
lander, according to the cui^tom of Europe^
kneeling on one knee bowed bis head, and
having made his obeisance, respectfully
said, "when that person (whom I killed)

"had

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85

" had seen my lower body I felt greatly
" ashamed, and being jealous of my ho-
" nour, I committed the deed ; but as soon
" as I heard your Majesty's name, pre-
" senting myself before you, I have been

dignified by being permitted to kiss
" your threshold. If you had not called
" me, no one had the power to take me
" alive/' The King approving the defence
he had made, acquitted him of the mur«
der, and honoured him with his counte-^
nance.

There is another story of an adventure
happening to a poor Highlander from not
being well acquainted with the English
language. He came up to London and
was greatly distressed for want of victuals*
One day, in the bazar, seeing a person
with a friendly expression of countenance^
he stated to him his lamentable case. The
man asked him why he did not go to the
shop of a penny-cook, where it is usual

for

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for poor people to get food. It is here
necessary to state, that in these shops poor
people giving a couple of pice, get a piece
of bread, a portion of meat, and half a seer
of beer or barley water : this kind of shop
is called in English a penny-cook*s. The
Highlander forgetting the name penny-
cook, from his ignorance of the language
thought that it was penny-cuty and going
further on he asked the people of the city
where the penny-cut shop was. A man
(whom he addressed) thought that he
wanted to get either his hair cut or to
be shaved, and pointed out a barber's
shop. The Highlander going to the shop
knocked at the door, and was admitted by
the barber, who seated him on a chair.
The tonsor then filled an ewer with hot
water, put a lump of soap in it, and
making a lather, placed it on the table
before the Highlander, and went up stairs
for his razors and other shaving apparatus.

The

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The Highlander taking the 8oap-8uds water
for broth began to drink it, and swallowed
three mouthfuls; and mistaking the lump
of soap for a potatoe^ and being exceed-
ingly hungry, he chewed and ate it. Upon
the barber's coming down stairs and seeing
what had happened, he was petrified with
astonishment. The Highlander taking
two pice from his pocket, laid them on the
table, saying, " I am much obliged to you :
" the broth was very good, but the potatoe
*• was not sufficiently boiled/'
. Stories of Englishmen. A certain coun-
tryman having come up to town, alighted
at . a friend's house and became his guest.
The host, setting out a table, entertained
him according to custom. The country-
man relished highly a fried sheep's liver,
for he had never before partaken of such a
well-dressed fry, and he wrote down on
paper the receipt for mixing the ingredients
and the mode of cooking the dish, and

put

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put the memorandum in bis pocket. The
next morning be went to the butchers'
stalls, and having purchased a sheep^s
liver he tied it in a napkin, and carrying
it in his hand set out for his own village.
A bazar dog came behind him, snatched
the liver, handkerchief and all, out of his
hand, and scampered off. The country-*
man, casting his eyes after the dog, said,
" It is true you have taken a raw liver
^' out of my hand, but I have still got
" safe in my pocket the receipt for dres-
" sing it.'' In this way, in every country,
there is no scarcity of fools and blockheads.

The country people, in particular,, are
commpnly ignorant and stupid, as this
other story of Ihe folly of an English
countryman will establish.

An old farmer intending to pay a visit
to his landlord, said to his wife, ^^ it is
*', needful that I take with me some pre-*
" sent or other, to give to my landlord."

Then

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Then bis spouse having taken a pig; tiefd
it in a small bag and gave it m chai^ge of
her husband. The old fellow, placing
it on his shoulder, trudged away. Wheti
be had accomplished half his journey he
came to a house of entertainment, and
feeling weary, he laid the bag down and
betook himself to sleep. The host seeing
the bag, and conjecturing that there was
some living animal in it, immediately
opened the mouth of it and discovered
the pig. For the sake of sport he took it
out, and substituted in its place a pup,
and tying the mouth> of the bag the same
as it bad been before, he laid it down«
After a short time the farmer awoke, took
up hi^ bag, and pursued bis way in th6
direction of bis landlord's house: arriving
there, immediately the landlord' beard tbd4i
his tenatit had Come, he cam^ to rAeet
him at the door in a very cordial manner,
and k;h\dly inquired after his health ^ and
N observing

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observing a bag in his hand, and imagiQing
that there might be something in it, he
said, " what is this that you have brought
" for me?" The jfiarmer replied, " I am
^^ but a poor man, how then can I bring
** you a gift fitting to be presented to you ?
** but, according to my means, I have here
" brought you a pig/' — The landlord
knowing his poverty was highly pleased
(at what he had brought), and said, " for
" you this is a great present indeed:
" open the bag, I should like to see it."
The farmer opening it found a pup inside.
Then the landlord flew into a passion, and
said in a rage, " What ! do you wish to
" pass your jokes on me? Instantly.be-
" gone.'* — The farmer, ashamed, turned
away, and upon again reaching the ale-
house, lay down to sleep as before. The
host quickly took from the bag the pup
and replaced the pig. The farmer awaking
proceeded on his way home. Upon his

wife's

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wife's coming out to meet htm, immedi-
ately he saw' her, his anger rose, and his
face reddening he said, '* don*t come
" before me, V\\ teach you better man-
" ners with a stick/' His wife said»
" my dear, are you well? What is the
" matter, what fault have I committed ?"
The husband answered, " you tied up
^^ in the bag a pup instead of a pig, and
" have disgraced me before the landlord^
" what greater offence is there than this?''
The woman replied, " pardon me, I never
** was guilty of such a thing."— The wife
then opened the bag, when instantly the
pig jumped out. The blockhead of a
farmer was perfectly convinced that this
miracle had been brought about by the
porker ; for here he sees a pig, and there
he saw a pup : and giving it a few strokes
with his whip, he said, ^^ you must not
play me this trick again. '^

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CHAPTER X

Some Account of the different Countries of Europe.,..,,
Hussurut Eesa,* and the Christian Religion.

The couo tries of Europe are Italy, Ger-
tii«Qy, Proos, RooSj .Denmark, Portugal,
^liman^f- Spain, France, Britain, Tooarkis-
tan, and three other'countries whose names
J do not recollect. Kings rule over aU
tb^se countries, witb the exception of the
ca^te Wullundez,J whose country is yery
small, and the government is vested in the
)i^Qds of the nobles. The inhabitants are
a)] merchants and men of substance : they
are ^so great fish-catchers and fish^^sellera,
on wliiich account the other JBuropeans.
co^tepi^ptuQwly term the caste of Wul*
lundez, " fish-qjoogers :*' besidef^ fiwn

their

*- The Lord Jesus. f Holland. t Dutch.

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ibeif faaviog no kiog, tbejr are accounted
mean and of no ooasideration.

The languages of Italy and France are
9weet and elegant; they are studied by
the English*

Russia in length and breadth surpasses
all the other countries. Its sovereign is
possessed of great state and power, and
the people are celebrated for indefatigable
industry ; so that, although the English
are both alert and active, yet they (the
Russians) call them indolent and ]azy«
The account of Russia, as given in the
Secimder Namah* by Shaikh Nizamee, is
the description of the country as it was in
former times, for in early ages the people
were rude and uncivilized. It is bow
nearly forty years since one of their kings,-f'
wishing to be instructed in the arts and
sciences^ went in person to England and
other countries (for that purpose), and

Hkewi«e

* The Alexandrian History. f The Czar Peter.

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likewise sent a number of Russians on
the same errand. These having acquired
knowledge returned home, and instructed
others of their countrymen in what they
had been taught themselves. So I myself
saw two Russians in Edinburgh, who were
studying at the college : their complexions
were reddish, like the colour of a brick.

The Russian Monarch and his Majesty
of England are always on friendly terms.
There are many English in the Russian
service, who instruct the people of the
country in the manufacture of cannon
and muskets, and in military exercises.
Many English prefer living in Russia*
The Russians account the English superior
to other European nations as to religion^
military matters, and bravery, they (there-
fore) imitate them in every thing ; and
now a*days the Russians far surpass other
European nations in warfare. A few years
ago the Sovereign of Russia approached

the

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the Room^ of the Mussulmans with an
army, and owing to the treachery of the
Wuzcerf- he was victorious, and attached
to his government . a soobahj of the
country of Room ; but from the divine
goodness and the prayers of Hussurut the
Prophet (with whom be the blessing and
peace of God), in tl^e end he sustained a
defeat and ran away.

. After the demise of Hussurut Eesa, for
some time the Khilafut § and office of
Imaum|| devolved on his twelve apostles,
and the New Testament, which is used by
the caste of Nazarenes, was compiled by
them. Then these men separating, went
into foreign countries, and began to propa-
gate the religion of Eesa and the laws which
he enjoined. In these times, in the different
sects of Christians there are slight shades

of difference.

The

* Turkey. f Grand Vizier, :|: A province.

§ The dignity of khalifa (caliph).

II Chief priest.

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The root of the faith of this caste is,
that Hossurut Eesa is acknowkdged to be
the Son of God, because the Vir^n Marj
bore him without having known mam
However, a few of the English* do not
subscribe to this doctrine, because they
think that the pure nature (of God) cannot
be bom of any one, neither from hira
can any be born. They maintain that
the Almighty has no counterpart, and
never was created ; for, say they, *' How
" can any one lay the false charge of
** stuprum to the divinity? for it was
** (only) by an exercise of thedi vine favour
^ and condescension, that (God allowed)
*' Hussurut Eesa to be called his son, to
" exalt him above the dignity of the other
^ prophets/'

The caste of Jews, who take Hussurut
Moosa-f- (with whom be the blessing of
God) as their leader, still adhere to their

old

* The Unitarians* f Moses.

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old faith. This caste persecuted Hussurut
Eesa (T^ith whom be the blessing of God)
in the country of Syria, and finally cru-
cified him. On this account the Jews
are accounted by every other nation base
and contemptible: no person respects or
esteems them ; on the contrary, every other
caste, and likewise the Muhumedans, wish
to put them to death. Under these cir-
cumstances, they are in terror for theii*
lives in the different countries of Europe ;
for the castes of Nazarenes, if they catch
a Jew in their country, burn him alive.
But the English, whose religion enjoins
peace and friendship with every sect,
tolerate every one> let his religion or cir-
cumstances be what they may. I myself
saw many Jews in London who sold
eatables and clothes.

- Nearly seven hundred years after the
time of Hussurut Eesa, the resplendent
brightness of Muhumud (with whom be

o the

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the blessing aud peace of God) enlightened
this obscure world ; and besides «Qq»ag
the adjustmeat of sublunary matters* the
r^ligioQ of Islam was. disclosed.

Th« Nazareiies, with regard to what ia
to be eaten and what abstained fronit. take
no accoiunt of what is lawful and what is
^rbidden, hut think thai preferable which
agrees with the constitution.. In their
medical books it is said, that whatever
things are wholesome or injurious, thesei
things are to be eaten or abstained fcom*
Wine is allowed, for the caste q£ Nazareues
account the drinking of wiixe and the
efttisg of swine's-flesh lawful pleaswes,,
and care not for what (we esteem) lawful
or forbiddeui or what (we consider) pMve
or unclean. They sa^ that ^ whate^ve?
'* comes in the course of e«4ting and
^ drinking is lawful, if it contribute to
^* health and is digestible ; and that that
^ is unlawful, which when eaten prov^:

injurious.

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^* hijorioUs. For what is the use of giving
•* peopte so much needless trouble?**
How6?er^ there are a few iixlividuak
(atnbDg the Nazarenes) who, frcmi their
youth to their old age, never eitJier tasted
wane or swine's flesh, and adhere strictly
to the preeeptB of the Old Testament ;
fbr they aiy tiibt " Hussurut Eesa (with
** whciiti be the blessing of God) cdnform-
•* «d to the Old Testament, therefore it is
^ necessaty that we follow his example^
^' be^iaiise the eating of swine's flc^h
^ and the dridking of wine are in direct
^ 6pposition to the injunctions (of the
^^ Mosaic law). Hussurut £a» mentioned,
•* that whatever was digestible might be
*• e*ten, but did nat particularly explahi
" what things we may eat, or that we
•* may indulge in wine/*

The commandments laid down ih the

Testament are : that mankind is to con«

sidfcr the divinity as single ; to believe in

o 2 his

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his word and in his prophets ; not to biear
false witness ; to refrain from lying; not
to commit adultery, nor to kill; and to
treat the poor and neighbours as if they
were brothers*.

The French and other nations place the
effigies of Hussurut Eesa and Mureum^ in
their churches, and worship them. But
the caste of English consider this kind of
idoiatory as an exceeding wickedness ;
and, unlike these other castes, they keep
their churches devoid of' all pictures.
Every year the French, on the anniversary
of the birth of Hussurut Eesa, make the
effigy of a pregnant woman as a represent*
tatidn of the Virgin Mary. They cause it
to seem as if in labour, and at the time of
the birth of the child they draw a san^
guineum pannum from under the skirt of
the effigy, during which music playst and
they shout with joy. They then seat

the

* The Virgin IJtfary.

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the wooden effigy on a throne, and re-
verently fall down and worship it. Whilst
I was contemplating this exhibition in the
island of Mauritius, Captain S. and Mr.
Peacock laughed at what the French were
engaged in, and said to me, ^^ this schism
" (or change from the original belief)
** arises from ignorance and folly. This
"prevails both in the religion of the
" French and in that of others, but the
" £n^ish are free from this wicked prac-
** tice." Again, the caste of French and
others are very bigotted j for if any Mus*
sulinan were to go to their country, and
were to, call to prayers with a sonorous
voice and follow other rites of Islam, they
irould instantly cast him into the 6re.
On the other hand, the system of the
English is that of perfect* reconciliation.
In their country, if a Mussulman were to
build a mosque, and according to the
ritual of Islam were to call to prayers and

pray,

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pray^ they woidd never prevent him, for
they BUyj ^ what is it to us what the re-
^^ ligion or faith of another may be :'' lot
this is a eominon saying : ^^ Eesa for his
^^ faith, and Moses for his faith/'

Among the French^ &c. there are lakhs
of hypocritical and wealthy priests* It is
one of the customs of the, French for the
women and men to repair once a year to
the priest who id their conf<^or, and in>-
dividually divulge to him whatever sins
or wicked actions they have committed
during the year : and ev^ry one, according
to his means, gives a large present to th^
priest, in order that he^ by prayer and
&sting, may intercede with the Almighty
in their behalf, when God, through his
mediation^ will blot out their iniquities^
The !Ekiglish ridicule all this, and say,
^^ what folly and blindness is this ! Hovt
^^ will God, who is the king of kings and
" the cazee * of the day of judgment,

" pardon

* Judge.

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^* pardwi tbe sins of people from the in*
^* treaties of such impure and and useless
^ priests r

This practice is wholly derived from tbe
Hindooa; for the Brahmins, who are the
priests of tbe caste of Hindoos, have comp«
pletely deluded the people. They pretend
that by bathing in the water of tbe River
Ganges, all tbe. sins that a person has
committed during his life will be pardoned ;
hkewise, ^ if you are charitable to U9 (the
^^ Brahoiins), we will cause you to enter
^^ Heaven/' In the religious^ books of the
caste alms^giving is strictly enjoined, par«
ticokirly commanding that they are to be
bestowed on tbe Brahmins. Although
one Qf these may be possessed of a lakh ol
rupees, yet for the sake of getting in
charity a rupee, or eight annas, he goes
from door to door. The *Bedd^eading

Brahmins

* The Bame of the four Hindoo scriptuves, likewise term*-
ed, coUectively, Veda.

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Brahmins thought that in future ages^
when their descendants have greatly in-
creased, many of them will be helpless
and poor, therefore alms-giving was enjoin-
edy in order that a Brahmin may be
maintained in the world by charity (alone)
without labour or toil. .
. The division of the Hindoos into castes
is ian ejstraordinary thingi the Brahmins
being esteemed superior and exalted
above the others ; and it is enjoined in
their books that, with the exception of
the Brahjnins, no other person is allowed
to read the Bedd : if any one does so he
is damned. In any other caste there is
no injunction that the people tnay not
know the divine attributes, or may not
read the articles of their faith,. or be ex-
cluded from the advantages of knowledge.
Of the Hindoos (from the above) what can
be thought, but that they are excessively
stupid? But, besides these, they have

other

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other customs similar, from witnessing
which wisdom is confounded. What can
I say more ?

To be brief, the priests of the castes of
French and others, with their consummate
hypocrisy, lead the people astray, and
have amassed great wealth. If these peo-
ple were to read the high Koran, and
were to believe in Hussurut Muhumud
Mustafa* (on whom be the blessing and
peace of God), there would be no great
alteration to make between their present
rites and those of the religion of Islam.
Hypocrisy would then form no part of
their religion.

The hypocrites and intriguers, who are
amongst both Mussulmans and Hindoos,
and who from covetousness of worldly
(wealth) array themselves in the dress of
Fukeers-f- and Sofees,J are accounted

p very

* The chosen or selected. f Religious mendicants.
t Wise men; from the Greek, a-$^f. In Persia this
epithet is applied to free-thinkers, of which there are great

numbers

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very wicked (by the French &c.), who
being disgusted with their pride and pre-
sumptuousnessy despise even those Fukeens
who really abstain frpm sin, are worthy
men, and without hypocrisy. So far do
they carry this, th^t they maintain that
our saints are incapable of performing
miracles ; for (say they) the prophets alone
w^^ able to pQrfQroi miracles, and these
(your saints) ?ire not of this dignity.

numbers in that country, many of them neither believe in
ike Kora9 nor Muhumud : if they are suspected, or make a
^jfpJlQF 9f tbeir opinionsy th^y are atoned by the multitude.

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CHAPTER XL

or t&e DUMief (^ Ae Englisl^ iii Jtintis Mohtiiimd's
propheticai offiee (on wbom bethe Uessing^&c) and id
the noble KoMD.

Th£ Englidi say^ *^ If we could discki^er
^^ a&y notice of the prophetical offiti^
^^ of Muhamud in thd New Te^tafiieAft^ #e
*' would assuredly accept the faith of
'' Islam/' To this Mus^ulman^ amWei^ M
follows : ^^ The origiiml books ol tktt Nef#
^ Testauiesft have been lost to the Wofld^
'' After the death of Htisstiilht Eesifr, thef6
^^ Were four raeii from timongsfr hid fl()6^
*^ tlesy whose names were Matthew, Matk>
^^ Luke^ and John: these^ ffotn fti^^ory,
" wrote four hooks^ which forili a pirfr of
" the New Testament But (there i^ ti6
" doubt) that Hussurut Eesa did not give
^* a distinct account of the prophetical

p 3 " office

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" office of Hussunit M uhumud (on whom
« be the blessing, &c.), (therefore the
" Evangelists) merely alluded in metapho-
" rical language to his history in their wri-
" tings : consequently, in the minds of thfe
" Caste (of iN^azarenes) there is a doubt
" (regarding his prophetical office)/*

From amongst the different narratives of
the New Testament, this is one. On a
certain day Hussurut Eesa (with whom be
peace), by way of giving advice, related
this story : A certain rich man, the owner
of a garden, went at the first watch of
the day to the bazar, and hiring some
labourers at the rate of one dirum* (per
day), sent them to work in his garden.
At the second watch he saw another set of
labourers standing in the bazar : he asked
them why they stood idle, and desired
them (also) to go and work in his garden,

and

*- A dinim, twenty or twenty-five of which are equal to a
dinar, which again is worth ahout nine shillings.

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and that in the evening every one should
get a dirum. Again at the third watch, he
went to the ba^ar, and observed a set
of labourers standing unemployed in the
street; he asked them what they were
waiting there for : they replied, • We came

* here late, on this account nobody gave us
^ employment/ Then that person said, do
^ you also go and work in my garden, and in

* the evening every man will get a dirum.^
In the evening the three sets of workmen
presented themselves before the owner of
the garden for their hire, and he gave to
each individual of the sets a dirum, ac-
cording to the agreement he had made.
Then the set of labourers who came first
.began to murmur (and said), ^ We have

* been working during the whole day in
^ the heat of the sun, and have laboured
^ hard, and some of those who came

* after us only worked during one watch,
^ and to us and to them you have given

• the

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^ the same wages/ The master of the
garden replied, ^ I first of all bargained
^ with you to give you each one diram.
They said, * true/ * Then/ continued the
rich man, ^ I have fulfilled my promise, and
^ am not to be controlled regarding what
^ tends to my advantage or loss/ The
Musadmeiis consider the last set as ap-
plying to them, and say that our Prophet
(on whom be the blessing,. &c.) appeared
in the woiid after all the other prophets,
and from having the gift of prophecy,
attained to an equal rank with his prede^
eessors: for this reason, the followers of
Hwsurut Muhnmud have a firm belief,
that ^^ undoubtedly we will enter heaven
" as well as those who have done so be-
" fore us*' (followers of Moses, Jesus, &c.\
The Englisii say, that ** there are four
** books which are commpnly received ;*

** the

* l8t.The Tauret (Ffentateuch); 2d. Zuboor (the Psalms);
3d. Injeel (New Testament) ; and ^th. the Koran.

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^* the other smaller works were indited
*< by the prophets : for how can we say
^ that any of those works were sent from
^' heaven, or that the smaller treatises
^^ were written by God, for the Almighty
** never sent tliem in a written state from
^^ heaven. Now you (Musselmans) main-
^' tain that Gabriel brought down the word
** of God. Who ever saw Gabriel, and who
" ever heard his voice? How can we
^^ believe this without proof, and without
^^ finding it in our Revelations ? The troth
^^ of the matter is this : the prophets, who
** are the guides and shewers of the road
^ to the people, wrote these books accord-
'' io^ to the best of their knowledge and
^ imderstanding, in order to teach men
'^ good mannefs and a correct line of con-
^^ di»ct ; aS|^ for instance, the Pentateuch
** was. writtea by Moses (with wbom^ be
" peace); the Psalms by David (with
^* whom be peace) ; the New Testament

" by

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" by the Apostles of Christ (with whopi be
" peace) ; and the noble Koran by Hus-
" surut Muhumud (with whom be the
" blessing and peace of God)/'

The English do not acknowledge the
high Koran, or Hussurut Muhumud Mus-
tufa. However they praise the purity of
the Hussurut's laws, and say that " Muhu-
^' mud, as to knowledge and wisdom, was
^^ a superior man, for he instituted an ex-
" cellent form of worship :* but there is
•* one fault to be found with him, that
" unlike other prophets, he was a slayer
" and a shedder of blood. Now this is
** in direct opposition to the prophetical
^^ office and the divine mission, because
" the former prophets, by admonition and
^^ advice alone, shewed lost mankind the
" right road, and men willingly, and with-
" out force being used, became converts

« to

* In. comparison with the gross idolatry of the>aiiineiit
Arabs.

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113

to the faith of the (origmal) prophets.

If any one did not obey them, they left

him alone ; if a person troubled and
" injured them, they merely cursed him,
^^ and God himself punished him ; but no
*' (true) prophet was ever a slayer or spijt
« blood/'

Captain S. disputed with me, on one oc*
casion, after the above manner. I replied :
" the reason of Muhumud being a slayer
" and spiller of blood was as follows.

God amongst every nation produced
" many prophets, but did not (always)
^^ cause their admonitions and advices to

make an impression on the hearts
" of the different castes, and the people
" troubled and vexed the prophets* After
" some time our prophet was born, in
" Mecca. At first iie tried favour, kind*
^f ness, advice, admonitions, gentleness,
^^ and tenderness, but these made no im*
^* pression on the minds of the people.

Q "At

a

<c

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'^ At last, at the hands of the caste Ko-
" riesh,* he experienced great tyranny
" and oppression. When their cruelty
*' exceeded all bounds, and he had lost all

hope of reclaiming them to Islam, being
^^ helpless, in lowliness and meekness lie
" supplicated the Almighty (to ^)oint out
** what ought to be his line of conduct).
** Then God commanded him to war
^^ against the infidels ; and from that time
^ holy warfare amongst Musselmans be-
** came a divine obligation, and God re-
^^ venged himself through means of his
^* prophet on the enemies of the faith.
•* Under these circumstances, then^ the
^' pcophet did not take upon himself to
" kill and slay, he merely obeyed the
" commands of the Almighty/'

After I returned from Europe, I gave
a similar answer to a Mr. John Graham
in Burdwan. This gentleman was con-
tinually

*' Koriesh, the tribe to which Muhumud belonged.

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tinually disputing with Moonshees Meer
Suduroot- Deen and Meer Sirajood-Deen,
regarding our faith and religion. He
denied that Hussurut Muhumud Mustafa
(on whom be the blessing and peace of
God) had the gift of prophecy or could
perfoim miracles, but he got no suitable
answer (from them). . On a certain night
they were disputing as usual, and Mr.
Graham was laughing and jesting, and
denying the prophetical office of (our pro-
phet) ; towards the end (of the debate) 1
came in, and heard Mr. Graham sayings
" Mussulmans believe that by the inter-
" cession of Hussurut Muhumud they will
" go to heaven, and that all other people
" will go to hell : now this is far removed
" from wisdom. We, however, do not
" believe that Hussurut Muhumud was a
" prophet at all ; because (after the man-
" ner of the ancient prophets) he perform-
" ed no miracles, with the exception of
Q 2 " this

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^^ this one : he bred up a pigeon and let
** it loose in the hills and jungles; and
^^ when the caste desired a miracle, he
^^ went to a hill and shutting his hand,
" shewed it to* the pigeon, which in
^^ expectation of getting grain, came
^ flying to him and alighted on his
" shoulder or head : then Hussurut Mu-
** humud said, * Behold ! I am God's pro-
" phet, for the wild animals are present
" at my command." The two Moonshees
were very wroth and angry at this affront
to their prophet, and answered this speech
according to the usual belief of Mussul-
mans, and repeated sentences of the Koran
and traditions, and added, " God in the
" high Koran says, that without doubt
" Hussurut Muhumud is the prophet of
" the latter times, and the mediator at
" the day of judgment , for the prophet
"caused the Sun to turn back, and made
" trees to walk of themselves, but if any

" one

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** one will not believe in the Koran and
** our traditions, this is a common saying :

<< If any one will not yield consent to the Koran and its

narratives,
^< The answer is this, to him let no answer be given.*'

At this Mr. Graham shook his head,
laughed, and said, *^ since I do not believe
"in your Koran and other books, how
^* can I be convinced by all that you can
" say ?*' At this juncture I came forward
and said, " If you will allow me, I will
** say something regarding this matter/'
Then they turned with attention to me.
I continued : " I learn from the trans-
" lation of the New Testament in my
" possession, and from the books of his-
" tory of by-gone times, that (many of)
** the former prophets performed different
" miracles, yet notwithstanding people
" witnessed the performance of these mi-
" racles, no man became a convert to
** their faith, and the prophets experienc-

" ed

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^* ed great trouble and vexation at the
" hands of the people ; more particularly
" Hussurut Eesa (with whom be peace),
" who resuscitated the dead, gave sight to
" the blind, cured the leprosy and other
** diseases, besides performing many other
^^ miracles, so that the miracles which
" were exhibited by Hussurut Eesa were
" far greater in number than those per-
" formed by any other prophet whatsoever.
^^ Notwithstanding all this, during his
" life-time, besides the twelve apostles
" not many more people believed in him ;
** and it is written in the New Testament,
" that the caste of Jews caused exceeding
^' trouble to the Hussurut, until at last
** they actually cruci6ed him. So, in like
*' manner, our prophet, though he also
" exhibited many miracles, yet was op-
" pressed and molested by the unbelieving
" Koriesh, till in the end he received the
^* divine command to wage war. Even

" then

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** then few people would obey him, a
^* small number only accepting him.

^^ The design I have in saying all this,
'^ is to make manifest that at no time has
*' the world been empty of wicked and
" sinful men ; they abounded both in the
" time of Hussurut Eesa (with whom be
'^ peace) and in that of Hussurut Muhur
'^ mud (on whom be the blessing and
" peace of God) ; there are also many in
" these days. If any one then (being
" wicked and a bastard) will not believe
" in our prophet, what can we do, and
" whither can he repair to have justice
" executed ? To conclude, however, the
" Almighty, who is the King of Kings,
^' will settle all these misunderstandings
" at the last day/'

Mr. Graham having heard what I had
said was greatly perplexed, and remained
silent. The two Moonshees quickly took
leave, and taking me by the hands

accom-

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accompanied me home, and lauding and
praising me exceedingly, said, ** we never
" could have replied to him in the way
" you did/' They then, with great eager-
ness, copied the New Testament, and
from that day Mr. Graham never again
attempted to dispute with Moonshees
about faith and religion.

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CHAPTJER XII.

Religious' Controversu^

One day Captain S. said to me,*' Mas-
" ralmans content theniselves With pre-
" destination and have ho delibferatibnl
•* This custom in one sfense iS good, aiid i^
** not (on the whtole) a bad one. However
" bur ciaste Arfe subject to the Contrbl of
*^ wtsdtitn. They consider deliberation td
" be far better thkn relying 6h pre^
'^ esteblidhed nec^issity, aiid think that
" any thing cad be ^dcomplished by i;fis-
*' dofn and ttsing the pro|)ier means (for the
** end). If at any time there b^ £t rieg-
" Ifect of (proper) precautioh, and iri a6y
*' undertaking due care aiid dttehtibii be
** not given (tb eflfefct its accompli^hfiie^i),
" assuredly the attempt will hbt sucfcfced.
" N6# your cast6, in a sitiall ttfatter

R "or

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<^ or in a great enterpme, consider fate
" to be over-ruling: as, for instance, if
" you let a china plate or a bottle fall
" from your hand and it is broken, you
" (immediately) say, ' it was so predes-
*f tined, therefore it so happened/

" A certain Duke who is the comman-
" der-in-chief at present, and is very
** brave and well acquainted with every
^^ precaution to be taken in warfare, says,
" * If I properly discipline and exercise
" my army, and prepare all the materiel
*f of war, then allow that the artny of my
'^ antagonist be not prepared as above, I
*• will obtain a victory over himi even

though his army be double in number
" to mine;' — now your people say that
" victory is the gift of Providence, which
" is an absurdity."

I replied, " Fate rules every thing, and
^^ God from all his creations produced man,
^* a noble being, and clothed him in the

" robes

iC

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** robes of wisdom and underitanding, and
** whatsoever (successful) undertaking that
^* was determined should be attempted
" (from all eternity), in that enterprize
^* alone the wisdom of man contributes to
" its accomplishment. If this were not
" the case, wisdom would not be a benefit
" at all. For example, a farmer ploughs
** his land and prepares it, and sows his
" seed, and commits no error in his hus-
" bandry ; then if, through the predestina-
" tion of Providence, no rain falls and his
" field does not become green, in this
** case what is the use of people's precau-
" tions ? Therefore fate is the over-ruling
" power in every thing. But our people
" say, it is necessary to trust to fortune
" in every thing. This is a complete
" mistake; for let not a man in every
** business trast alone to fate, and not
" take any forethought, for it is wise to
** use all deliberation/'

R 2 It

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, It was usual for the gi;eat; peoiple ^ho
9a^e to dine at Captain S/s . to send, for
i^DLO^ an4. in. order to 1;ry ipy ^disppsition
ti^^y cqnvefSed regarding (ouy) religion
^d different custooist^ aod; (aliways) glutting
from me a suitablcf r^ply^ they ^ere
PJLeased (with ipe). One day General
li^UDro, Captain A.^ and others, being
assembled, were sitting together. They
said to me, ^^ you are all alone in this
** country, why do you not take unto
*• ypurself a wife ?*' I answered, "There
** afe, two great difficulties to be got over^
" by which I am excu^ed,^ and it is im-
•* possible that I can marry^ here. The
" first (difficulty) is this: the woman, that
^* J^ am desirous of possessing is not in«*
" qlined for me y (tl;ie second^ is), she that
" wis)ie^ to havC; mf^ I dp not approve of*
** What I mean is, that those women wha
" are of good caste and noble will not
" connect themselves with a person of

" inferior

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'/ iaferiKw ranH ftod of ft 4idbr«)>li reHgMQ t
f^ 9Qdi I ipysdifs ii^ my qw,q country » anir
" <H>psidei?^ ool^l«: . therefore tbougk a
^f womau of 1q>w caste, of tfai;» coiiiutrjr
^^ may bedieaiffou&of me^.J, however^ do
^^ not wish to hfLYe any thieg to do wittr
^ bcr>..'' . They, highly approved of what
I had said, and laughed ijsiiQoderately.
^ Again these people proposed a question.
^ (Grod first of all created Adani< and then
^^ prodiiced Bebee Houa to be a wife to
^f himr What is the reason, then,, that
^f your people, acting contrary to this,
^^ marry son^e two> wives, and others
^y four ? Why . did your prophet marry
^f nine wives, and why did he allow the
*f pcQple of his. sect to marry four?'* I
answered, ^- The Almighty produced' wo-
^^^ man tO' give; Mse tOj man^ and gave: to
" Hussufut Adam (with whom he .peace)
^^ Beebee Houa his wife, as a s^upport to
*^ him .After this, when the descendants

"of

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^* of Ad^til had increased, God com-
^ ttianded, * if one woman cannot iron-
's* tent you, take unto yourself another/
^\ Besides, at certain seasons women are
^indisposed, and with parturition are
^'confined some twenty, others forty
** days; for these reasons our prophet
*• allowed us, after marrying one woman,
" to take another until we had four (if
** we chose): five he prohibited; but if
" one died we might marry another in her
" stead. The reason, then, of his allowing
" the people of his sect to marry four
V wives is this : if a man, during the
" temporary indisposition of his wife,
^* wish to enjoy female society, he then
** can repair to his second, third, and
" fourth wives; if he had not these to
" go to, he would be enticed by the
** devil to connect himself with a strange
" wonaan, and would commit the crime
^* of adultery. The guides we had for

" adopting

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^^ adopting this custom/ are a^ foUovs.
^* Before the birth of our prophet, Hus-
** sumt Ibrahim* (with whom be peace)
" Qianied two wives, vig. Beebee Sara
" and Beebee Hajirah; Husauriit Soo^
" lijuanf had oae hundred and sixty
" wives; and Hussurut DiaoodJ (with
" whom be peace) always broke the laws
" from his longing after woman-kind.
" Therefwe then you must speak truly
and say, whether the custom of keeping
many women originated with our pro-
phet, or took its rise irom the former
prophets/'
They then continued, " God^ from his
^^ manifold bounties, conferred on lis a-
great favour in giving us wine, which
he gave as a gift to ' his servants. Now
your prophet hath greatly oppressed
" you, for he has prohibited the use
** of this gift/'— -I answered, " In our

"law

* Abraham. f Solomon, % David.

<6

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'* la^ (bbftides what t^gnrAh this) ihtrt
^^ ^e matiy precepts rej^atdittg ^hat is
'^ latrful and "(irbat is fbVbiddl^d. I myself
^^ adi an ignomnt mtfn, add have not
'^ suffidtsnt understatidibg to aDsweir in &
** proper tnabnei' every question yott miay
^* prdpose; however it is well known, that
^* though wine itself is a good thing, yet
^^ the into^Lication it causes is bad^ fof
*^ it makes people lose their wits^ and
" occasions their forgetting God ; for this
^^ is the command of the Almighty to his
<* servants^: ^ Eat and drink (what you
^* please), but for one minute you must
^* not forget tne/ Again these people
<^ said, ^if in drinking wine a fiked mea*^
^^ sure be adhered to, a man \9i\\ not
<* lose his senses, but fVom drinking his
<* heart will (merely) be gladdened/'*

They then continued : " your belief is,
^* that if any one in his heart, once in
^^ sincerity recite the confession of faith

"of

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" of Hussurut Muhumud,* that person
'* undoubtedly will enter heaven; and
" all other people (who do not) will go
" to hell. Now the Mussulmans are few
" in number ; they inhabit only Turkey,
^^ Syria, Persia, Arabia, and Hindoostan ;
" and the people who dwell in other
" countries are numerous; they (you say)
" will all be damned. What kind of a
" speech is this? Did (God) create his
" servants only for the purpose of burning
*• them ?'' J^o this I replied : " certainly ;
** for our belief is, that although Mussul-
" mans are few in number, heaven was
*' prepared for them alone. Other people
" are numerous; for this reason hell is
" four times larger and broader than pa-
" radise.
" Although all men are God's servants,
yet among them some are obedient, some

((

s " wise.

* LaiUa iUvUah, Muhumudoon Riaod VUah : << There is
no God but (the one) God, and Muhumud is his prophet."

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J30

^^ wise, some honest, some are fools, some
" thieves, and some are without probity.
** In this manner, in the New Testament,
^^ Hussurut Eesa (with whom be peace)
" says as follows, by way of parable. A
^^ certain person had three sons, and once,
" upon setting out on a journey, in order
<^ to make trial of their understandings
^^ and honest}', he gave to each a thou-
** sand rupees. The eldest son buried
•* his money in the ground, which a thief
" carried off; the second son gave his to
^^ a banker, and spent the interest of it
** himself; and the third son, having traf-
^< licked with his thousand rupees, doubled
^^ his principal and made it two thousand.
<* When the father returned from his jour-
^' ney he asked his sons for the money
'^ with which he had entrasted them.
" The eldest son, being unable to give
" him the sum, told what had happened.
^' The second son returned the original

" thousand

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'^ thousand rupees. The father said to
'* him, * you are only wise by halves/
*^ and gaive him a small present; the
*' youngest son gave back not only the
^' original thousand rupees, but also a
'^ thousand rupees of profit. At this the
** father was exceedingly rejoiced, and
*' said, ^ this person is both wholly wise
^^ and honest/ He then entrusted him
^^ with the management of his whole pro*
^^ perty and effects. Hussurut li^sa then
^ explained the meaning of the parable,
'^ and said : ^ Before God it is so ordered
'^ that that individual who retainti the
*^ whole of the original sum, the whole is.
'* made over to him ; he who has retained
^' less^ the less will be given him ; and
^^ he who preserves nothing at all, his
" hand will remain empty/

'^ Musselmans interpret the foregoing

" narrative in the following way. The

" foolish man represents those who are

s 2 " ignorant

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" ignorant and disobedient. The mean-
" ing of the sum of money is faith ; and
" by the thief the devil is intended, who
** steals away the faith of fools mid care-
" less persons, who therefore do not be-
" lieve in God, become excluded from
" the mercy of the Almighty, and their
" portion is hell-lfire. By the second son,
" who squandered away the interest of
** his money, hypocrites are intended,
" who partially believe in God, but con-
" sider God's prophets impostors: their
" place will also be hell. But by the
" third son, who by his faith and good
** works not only presented his father
^^ with the original sum, but also with
^' the profit he had made, (good) Mus-
" selmans are typified ; for they attest God
" to be their nourisher by word and
" thought ; they rely upon him, and do
** not deviate a hair's breadth from, his
•* laws and those of his prophets. The

" world

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" world by them is considered a perisha-
'^ ble house, and in the hope of entering
^* heaven, and remaining there always,
^' they lead an austere and hard life, and
^^ subject themselves to a thousand labours
" and difficulties: they account worldly
^^ wealth as useless, and do not follow the
^^ inclinations of other people of the caste.
" These certainly then, and without doubt,
** will see paradise; because, say they,
" *in the world are sown the seeds of
** futurity:' as the tribe of Arabs say
" regarding this life,

« (True it is) the world is the field of futurity.*

" For those individuals who take great

** pains to acquire riches will get their re-

" ward onl}' in this world, and will live in

" the mere enjoyment of worldly wealth.

** Truly, the paradise of such people is

" this earth : of a surety, they will be

" without hope of future advantage and

" of heaven,

'^In

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*^ In man's estate, grief and gladness

" are both associated. After joy comes

<< sorrow, and grief is succeeded by mirth.

" Sorrow does not always depress, nor

" does gladness continually prevail. Un-

^^ der these circumstances, then. Mussel-

** mans care little for worldly wealth, are

^* constantly subject to tribulation on

^^ account of their faith; but in the end

" they will certainly get riches. Other

*' people, again, who now enjoy them-

" selves with the pleasures of this world,

" will be oppressed with sorrow and grief

" at last."

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CHAPTER XIII.

The King of England Army and Navy Courts

of Lavi^.

The first monarch who ruled over the
whole of England was named William :
he was a man of great bravery and valour.
After him many kings of different names
reigned 9 until the sovereign power of Eng-
land descended to a Queen, who is great-
ly celebrated, even in these days, for her
sagacity and love of justice. Through her
the name of England became famous in
every region of the earth. There is the
following account of her mode of dis-
pensing justice, and of her wisdom. A
certain woman laid in court a false accu-
saticm of rape against a man : she de-
clared that such and such a person had

pros-

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prostituted her forcibly : the judges be-
lieved what she said, and ordered the man
for execution. This having come to the
royal ear, the Queen called both parties
before her, and having heard the state-
ments of both the plaintiff and defendant,
she drew a sword from its scabbard, put
the hilt of it into the woman's hand,
and holding the scabbard in her own,
ordered her to sheath it. The defloured
woman tried all she could to return the
blade into its scabbard, but was unable,
for the queen shook it. Then her majesty
said, " If you had not been willing the
" man could never have ravished you.
" Why did you not call out, in order that
" the people of the neighbourhood might
*' come to your assistance ?" In this way
the Queen discovering that the accusation
was false^ saved the man from death.

King George the Third, who now occu-
pies the throne of England, is famed for

his

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his bravery, wisdoiD, and high intention,
and is otherwise praised* At the time
that the writer of the Shigurf Namah
saw him in England he was a stout
and well-favoured man : his queen was
of short stature and fair. I was told
that it is an old established custom of
the English iiionarchs to marry a woman
of a strange caste, but who is of royal
descent. George the Third is the father
of sons.

The King of England, in matters of
government^ is not independent, like the
Great Mogul of India, but in all state
affairs can do nothing without first con-
suiting and advising with hid miniitterd
and nobles, and a few men selected from
the middle classes. If, as in the govern-
ment of India, discord arise among the
rulers, undoubtedly the wealth and go-
veminent will depart from their hands, as
this verse sufficiently demonstrates :

T '' All

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« All wealth is acquired by concord :

« Discord begets poverty.

<< Many kings (from not advising with their ministers)

' << have lost their dignity^
<< And their sovereign rule hath departed from them."

In England every one is free ; no one can
lord it over another, and there is no such
thing known as master and slave : which
is totally different from other countries, in
which all are slaves of the king. In Eng-
land, both great and small would be
greatly ashamed at the term slave. They
say, ** we call one person king, for without
" that government could not be carried
" on, and therefore we have set a ruler
*^ over us ; but we all individually take
" some charge in governing. . Our caste^
" in order to increase its renown in con*
" flicts with our enemies, sacriiQces both
'^ life and estate, but no one is a slave.
" However, we do not deviate a hair's
" breadth in paying due respect and

"honour

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^^ boDour to the King and his ministers ;
" and, in the same way^ Jii;s: Majesty
'^ thinks, it incumbent on him to shew a
" prpper regard for his subjects, and rules
" in a mild and gentle manner.?

The royal army is distributed in dif-
ferent cantonments. Those persons are
selected (for it) who are robust and of a
proper height, and they are disciplined a^
dragoons or foot soldiers. They are dres-
sed ill clean, clothes and, of one colour,
and are instructed in the drill and martial
exercises. (Each of the cavalry regiments
consists of) seven hundred horses, and
every regiment is of one colour : as one is
black, (and another) white or bay. For
this reason, at the time of exercise, the
hearts of beholders are gladdened, for (the
horsemen) are splendid to look on. The
men get their rations and uniform from
government; besides these their pay is
eight rupees a month.

T 2 The

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The caste of Epglish excel all other
European nations in naval irar&re : they
are both po^irerful in it, and have a natural
genius, for it By reason of the great
number of their. ships, and from the mat6''
n€d of war being always ready, no Euro-
pean power is able to approach with «
hostile intention. The countxy is an island^
round which the ships of war prowl, ther^
fore enemies can never hope to conquer it
It is cnstomary, in the time of war, to keep
all the vessels fully equipped, and in peace
a number of ships have their masts struck
and are unrigged. When, however, the^e
is an appearance of war, they are quickly
fitted out and sent to sea.

The caste of English is cdebrated
throughout the universe for bravery and
courage, and for skill in military tactics.
A soldier esteems the order of the con^
fnander^in-cbief as equal to that of his
God.

Many

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Many of their regulations are entirely
different from those of other countries:
ooe of which is, that if the orders of an
officer be deviated froni^ even a hair's
breadth^ death is the consequence ; or the
offender is discharged, and being thereby
rendered infamous, he is unable to serve
again. Another article is, that if any one
runs away during the time of battle, it is
the greatest crime a soldier can commit ;
it cannot be pardoned by any means. A
person in this predicament will assuredly
suffer death, even although he may hap*
pen to be a prince, a man of rank, or an
old ofScer. It is even laid down, that
aldiough the army of the enemy be double
in number, there must be no running away
nor (disgraceful) retreat : he who betakes
himself to flight subjects himself to death.
Another article says, that all plunder,
though it amount to lacks and crores"*^ of

rupees^

* A crore is ten millions.

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rupees, is to be distributed amongst the
men and officers, to every one according to
his rank. This is contrary to the custom
of other nations ; as, for instance^ the
French and Portuguese, who give a fourth
share to the soldiers, the rest (of the cap-
tured property) goes to the royal treasury.
The motive of the English in giving up
the whole of the booty is this, that the
troops may be rendered . more valiant and
brave ; but this is not usual among other
European nations, or any of the nations of
the seven climates.

The caste of English avoid self-praise,
and talking of their own exploits they con*
sider disgraceful. If an officer who has
grately distinguished himself by his enter-
prize and courage in any victory, be asked
the particulars of the engagement, he sim-
ply states the facts as they occurred. If
another person greatly extols the conduct
and valour of that officer (before him), he

immediately

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immediately casts his eyes on the soles^
of his feet, and remains silent, and from
extreme bashfulness the perspiration dis--
tils from his face. The £nglish in general,
then, do not at all relish to be praised before
their face ; they are rather annoyed at it,
and dislike it. They consider an egotist
a coward, and sycophants and flatterers^
liars. Under these circumstances, in their
assemblies flattery is unusual.

Egotists and flatterers are despicable in
the opinion of a man of sense and under^
standing. Plattery is certainly a very
foolish practice : however, the sepoys and
officers of Hindustan, and particularly of
the city of Delhi, think that flattery and
egotism add to their consequence ; as, for
instance, if a person by a thousand labours
happen to kill a fox, be then goes about
every where, and proclaims with a loud
voice that he had slaughtered a tiger, and
in a most valiant manner twists his mous-*

taches,

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taches, and swelling with piide^ his vesture
does not suffice. He accounts the deed^
of others, when placed in comparison
with his own bravery, as nothing; nay,
even makes out Rustum* to have been
decrepit.

When a dispute arises concerning goods-
or land, both the plaintiff and defendant
appear in court, and each party employs
a lawyer. Months and years sometimes^
elapse before judgment is given, in which
case both parties e:s:pend immense sums
in lawyers' fees, and in the e;xpenses
of court. The party against whom the
decision is given pays the expenses of the
other. In a similar maoner to the above
a court has been instituted in Calcutta.

The regulations and usages of the court
are as follows. There is no respect of per*
sons; neither bribes nor gifts are permitted :
if one party be accused of bribery, even

although

♦ The Persian Hercules.

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although he may have (in justice) the best
of the cause, yet the judges immediately
imagine that he is making false allegations.
If a prince or nobleman ride through a
field (of grain) and' tread down the crop,
then whatever was the extent of damage
the farme? stated he had sustained, the
prince or nobleman would be called into
court, and compelled to pay the farmer
ten times more than the amount of the
injury suffered, besides an additional
fine would be imposed. The intention of
this regulation is, that no rich man may
have power to oppress a poor one.

In England a person cannot escape the
punishment for murder by paying a fine,
as in Bengal, where the institutes of
Imaum A boo Muhumud and Imaum
Huneefa are still followed, by which a
murderer may escape if the relatives of
the murdered man choose to allow him :
if they do not, the criminal pays to Go-

u vemment

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146

vemment a certain fine, and the judges
pardon him. But in England the judges
first maturely deliberate in a case of mur-
der, and where a creation of God has
been destroyed, the criminal is consigned
to execution.

For theft the law is not similar to that
of Muhumud, who orders the hand to be
cut off if a greater amount than eight annas
has been stolen. In England, the person
who plunders, using at the same time
force and violence, subjects himself to be
executed. The English say that the pu-
nishment of the thief is not to be abated
according to the amount of property he
may have abstracted, for when a person
intends to steal he will take as much as
he can get, and if he could have laid hold
of more than he actually carried off, he
would have taken that likewise. A thief,
then, is deserving of death. Notwith-
standing this being the law, diggers of

mines,

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mines,* cutters of knots,f and pick-
pockets abound in England.

Europeans usually keep their silver,
gold, &c., also their bank-notes and watch,
in their pockets, and never go abroad
without money ; and they are in the habit
of going to see spectacles and of frequent-
ing the theatre with a sum of money
about them ; therefore in crowds cut-
purses and pickpockets cut open people's
pockets, and speedily transfer the pro-
perty into their own. If, however, the
owner of the effects is aware of what is
going on, and is able to seize the thief
with the goods on him, he is hanged.

There are mounted robbers in England,

who commit their depredations on the

highway. Some of these men are the

u 2 sons

* In India, thieves are in the habit of digging under
the walls of houses to effect their depredations*

f Orientals tie their money in a knot in a corner of their
handkerchief.

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^ons of wealthy patents, but vrho l»viiig

jsquandered away their patrimony at the

gaming-^table and with debauched living,

poverty ov^takes them, and being unable

to turn their hands to a useful employ^

m6nt, they subsist by robbing. They lie in

wait on the open commons, in forests, and

in places removed from the habitations of

men. When they observe a carriage ap*

proaching, they quickly gallop up with a

pistol in their hand, which they present

at the head of whoever is riding in the

vehicle, and order him to surrender what-*

ever he has got about him, if he wishes to

escape with his life : he then delivers to

the robber whatever property he may have.

A certain great man travelling in his car«-

riage, observed at a distance a horseman

approaching him, who was advancing at

a quicker rate than either the lightning or

wind. The great man was immediately

aware that it was a highwayman. He

then

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149 r '

then quickly loaded a pistol and pot it
loto his pocket. The highwayman came*
up, and presenting a pistol, said, *^ sur*
** render what you've got." The gentle-
man put his hand in his pockety and pro*
ducing his pistol, said, *^ take this,'^ and
shot the robber. Another highwayman,
after having plundered a man of bank*
notes and other property, left him. The
person robbed speedily arriving in town,
went to the Bank, and having related
what had befallen him, gave likewise a
description of his notes. When the high*
wayman came to the Bank to get change
from the bankers, he was immediately
secured, sent to prison, and after being
tried, was executed. The notes were re-
turned to the owner.

The courts of law have nothing to do
with cases of (simple) fornication, unless
a woman complains that she was forcibly
violated. When a man is convicted, of

having

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having committed a rape he is sentenced
to be executed. Besides the sentence of
death, there is no other punishment for
rape or robbery. If a man and woman
commit fornication in a retired house, or
even in any place whatever, they may do
so with impunity, and neither the cutwal*
nor the censor can take any notice of it ;
for it is a common saying, ** what business
" has the superintendent inside a house ?*'
In England it is completely the reverse of
what it is in this country, for there the
cutwal and censor have little or nothing
to do, and have not the power of seizing
either a fornicator or a fornicatress, what-
ever people may say. In the higher
classes of society a faux-^ym is sometimes
committed. If it comes to be generally
known, it causes great shame to be felt
amongst modest and chaste ladies. Both

the

* In India one of the duties of the chief officer of police
(the cutwal) is to prevent licentiousness.

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jtbe lady and gentleman are reproached by
rich and poor ; and women of reputation,
during their life-time, never again see the
lady, whom they expel from their society.
In a case of adultery, if a husband catch
his wife in the fact with another man,
and if he kill them both with a sword or
other weapon, he will be justified in doing
so. If, however, the husband, when he
discovers them, has no weapon in his
band, and goes to bring one, and in the
mean time the adulterer and adulteress
leave one another and deny that they had
been together, then the husband is unable
to kill them with impunity : if he did so
he would suffer death. If the husband
bring an action into court, his plaint will
not be attended to unless it be substan-
tiated by creditable witnesses.

A French priest once presented a trans-
lation of the New Testament to Acber
Badshah, in which there was the following

narrative.

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narrative. Certain Jewish Doctors, in
order to reprove Hussurut Eesa (with
whom be peace), brought before him a
woman who had committed adultery.
They then thought of a difficult question
to propose to him, and said in their hearts,
if the prophet orders this woman to be
stoned I then we will answer, " you enjoin
" the people to have clemency, to be
^^ compassionate and tender«hearted : this
" then is in direct opposition to what you
** teach ; your words and deeds have no
" relation to one another ; wherefore, then,
" would you kill one of God's creatures ^*
Again, if he give her absolution, we will
reply, " you make no difierence between
" good and evil; the precepts of our
" books, and every law, it appears, hath
" departed from the world.'' After having
consulted together in the above manner,
they brought the adulteress before the
Hussurut, and asked, ** what are your

" orders

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1.53

" orders regarding this adulteress/' The
Hussurut was then sitting in the synagogue
with his head depressed ; he answered,
^^ it is commanded that a woman (of this
^' description) shall be stoned ; let him,
" then, who during his whole life-time
'^ hath committed no sin, lift the first
" stone/* Having said this, he wrote
with his ficnger on the ground. Upon
hearing the above they all held down their
heads from shame, and departed out of
the synagogue, so that no one remained
with the Hussurut besides the woman.
Then looking towards her, he asked,
" where have all these people gone, and
" what have they determined upon regard-
" ing you ?'' Then the woman answered,
** they went out one by one, and said
'^ nothing with respect to me/' The pro-
phet said, " do you likewise go : I have
" nothing more to say to you but this,
'^ repent and do not again commit this

" wickedness/'

X The

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The morals and disposition of HilMurut
Muhumud (on whom be the blessing and
peace of God) are thus shewn. On a
certain day, when the Hussurut was
sitting along with some of his companions,
a woman (a fornicatress) presented herself
before him, and said, " I have been guilty
*' of a (wicked) deed, I therefore trust
" that you will execute on me what the
" law enjoins, in order that I may escape
" the punishment at the last day/' The
Hussurut, turning his face from her,
looked in the opposite direction. How-
ever, she continued and said, " what are
" your orders with respect to my case ?"
Then the Hussurut, casting his eyes
towards her, perceived that she was preg-
nant, and said, ^' until you have been
" delivered your punishment i$ deferred/'
After the birth of her child, the woman,
taking the infant in her arms, came and
presented herself before the Hussurut, and

said.

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said, " the child is now born:" the Hus-
surut replied, ** until the child be weaned
" your punishment is remitted." Some
time after, when the child had been wean-
ed (and the woman had presented herself
as before), the Hussurut said, " your
^* child is now devoid of understanding,
" but when it is seven years of age chas-
" tisement will be inflicted on you/'
Again (at the expiration of the seven years)
the woman came : then the Hussurut
commanded, " your child is now young
" and unwise : until it attain the age of
** puberty j'ou cannot be punished ; for
" besides their own parents, there is no
** one who will be kind and attentive to
" children, or who will rear, protect, and
" educate them, or who will take any
" charge of them." Then one of his com-
panions said, " Oh, Hussurut, this wo-
" man time after time comea to you and
" troubles you ; I will take charge of
X 2 " the

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^^ the child, and rear and educate, it
" and let the -woman's petition be com-
" plied with/' At this the eye of the
Hussurut grew red with anger, and
looking wrathfuUy on his companion, he
said, " who told you that you might take
^^ charge of the education and rearing of
" this child? Do you not know that I
" have always been endeavouring to find
" some pretence to procrastinate the pu-
" nishment (of the mother) ?" At this his
companion was much afraid and ashamed.
This, then, was the compassion and jus-
tice of his Highness Muhumud.

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CHAPTER XIV.

The ooanner in which Children are educated in England......

How the English spend their time The East-India

Company.

The higher classes of society in England
educate their children in a totally different
manner from that of the people of Hin-
doostan (of the same rank), where the
teacher is retained as a servant in the
house,, in order that there may be no
chance of the influence of the eyil eye
falling on the child. In England it is
usual for people of rank to send both
their sons and daughters to a distant place
of education. *

First of all they are taught the letters of
the alphabet, which are written on a board ;
then an easy lesson is given them ; after

this

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this they are taught to read pleasant tales,
fitted to amuse children. The school-
books have been rendered so easy that
the tyro has no difficulty in acquiring
knowledge. From the invention of print-
ing books have so increased, that, for
example, if a person wishes a hundred
copies of a work, he will be able to
purchase that number in a single shop.
Books in this country (as the Shah
Namah)* that cost one hundred and fifty
rupees, are procured in Europe for the
sum of ten or twelve.

The people of wealth in England, com-
mencing at the age of four years, keep
their sons and daughters constantly era-
ployed in writing, reading, and acquiring
knowledge ; they never permit them to be
idle. If a man or woman be. unacquaint-
ed

* A celebrated epic poem, containing a history of the
kings of Persia. Its author, Firdousee, flourished about
1000 A. D.

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ed« with the musical art, be unable to
duDce or ride, he or she is accounted by
people of substance as descended from
a mean parentage, and taunts and re-
proaches are not spared. They then say,
'^ such a one's parents have been poor, and
" being unable to pay the cost of educa-
" tion, their children are therefore ignorant
" of every thing/' Those ladies, particu-
larly, who can neither dance nor sing, are
considered in a very inferior light ; they
will never get well married. To be brief,
the manner in which the English are edu-
cated and reared is totally different from
that of India, for the sons qf some of our
great men and nobles are taught gratui-
tously. At school they acquire a thousand
bad habits, when they are supposed to be
attaining knowledge. However, all that
is disregarded by our men of rank, and
(gratuitous education) is not accounted

dis-

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disgraceful. In England^ however, moi^ey
is expended in the acquirement of wis-
dom.

The people of Hindoostan reproach the
Europeans with being hard-hearted to-
wards their offspring, because they send
them to a distance to be educated ; yet
the fact is, that this hard-heartedness of
parents towards their children is the
greatest Ikindness they can shew them, for
from Tendering them adepts in the arts
and sciences, they spend their days in a
pleasant and agreeable manner. In this
country, the manner in which parents
shew kindness towards their children is
really nothing else than injuring them as
much as is possible ; for from not sending
them from home to be educatjed, they
continually remain ignorant, and lead
a vicious and depraved life.

The poor peoplie (of Engla,nd) send their

children

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children to be taught in the town schools,
and pay at the rate of a rupee per week,*
For the girls there are separate schools.

I saw that the boys sit on a form in. one
line, and in this way studied their lessons.
The teacher, with a leathern strap in his
hand, heard the scholars repeat their
tasks, commencing at one end and going
down the whole line. IVhen a boy
committed a mistake in his reading, the
teacher, without the least pity or remorse,
struck him on the back with the strap
to such a degree, that he wounded the
limbs of these silver forms and jessamine*
legged youths* Although tliis appears to
be cruelty, yet this saying is nevertheless
true :

<< The tyranny of the teacher is better than the Other's love.'*

The lower orders, particularly in Scotland,
are all able to read and write, with the

Y excep-

* In Lidia the children of the lower orders are eduoited
ibr )i|df a rupee per mensem.

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exception^of those whose parents cEDoot
afford to send them to school, or who are of
weak intellect and unable to learn. After
the children of the poor have acquired a
sufficiency of learning, they are then put to
different trades ; as one becomes a gold-
smith, another an ironsmith, a third a
shoemaker, and a fourth a tailor. Eu-
ropeans can learn whatever trade they
choose. For an example, a man has four
sons ; the eldest is a goldsmith, the second
a carpenter, the third is a shoemaker, and
thefourth a smith. Now.the Mussielmans of
Hindoostan are ashamed to learn different
trades. For instance, if a man's father
happened to have followed a mean employ-
ment, the son will not follow his father s
steps, but says, " I'll be a soldier.'' The
Hindoos act in a completely different
manner : they all follow the same profes-
sion that their ancestors did.
Both in France and England I observed a

broad

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broad and spacious house, where orphans,
and poor boys and girls, a,re educated.
Those people in the city and neighbour-
hood who are in very indigent circum-^
stances, and have little to subsist on, being
unable to* maintain their children, take
them to the above-iiientioned house, and
jgive them in charge to the people there.
It very frequently happens that women of
loose habits produce children, because
according to the tenets of the English it
is a great crime to cause abortion ; and
if it be proved that a woman has willingly
injured the child in her womb, she will
suffer death. For this reason, after the
birth of children (by these women) from
shame they wait until the curtain of night
conceals them, and then take the child
and place it at the door of that house, and
there leave it. There are thousands of
boys and girls of this description in that
mansion. They are first of all properly

Y 2 edu-

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educated, and then are instructed in di£^
ferent trades.

The wise men of the English say, that
•^ the acquiring of worldly wealth causes
^* life to pass pleasantly and happily, if
" there be also a searching after wisdom
" and increase of knowledge. Worldly
** riches ought not to be appropriated for
*• eating and drinking alone, or for leading
** a luxurious life, or for collecting toge-
** ther a great number of women, or for
*^ sitting and viewing dances night and
** day.** It & strange, however, that the
noblemen of Hindoostan who may happen
to be wealthy, coi^tantly remain shut up
with their women, and unlike men, coquet
and flirt as if they were females. On their
heads they wear a Jonadar''^ turban^ and
liave their trowsers and sleeves plaited,
and wear a jama like the gown of a female^
4sind apply perfumes and rouge to their

breasts,

* A particular mode of tying on the turban.

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breasts^ and missee^ upon their lips: upon
their teeth and eyes they rub antinK)ny,
and on the palms of their hands they apply
hennah ; they tie their hair in a knot
behind^ and scent it and wear it long.
Notwithstanding all these effeminate airs,
they go abroad with a numerous retinue ,
with great pomp and display, like warriors.
When they go out in state there is a
mighty ceremony : there are rockets, and
standards, and nukeebs,-f- and chobdars^
and pursuivants and attendants of all sorts,
who call out with a loud voice, " keep off !
keep off!" and " poish ! poish !'*§ and intreat
for long life and prosperity (to their lord).
These are the customs of this time amongst
the noblemen of India* In Europe such
ceremony and state is considered useless

and

' * A. powder with which the teeth frc are stained Uack^
it Is prepared fiom vitrioL

f Servants who proclaim their master's titles.

% Mace^bearers. § Go! Go!

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and foolish, and such a retinue would be
mocked and laughed at. In fine, the peo-
ple of England, until the age of thirty,
apply themselves to business. They travel
and view the wonders and curiosities of
the world ; and after they have made some
money, they then marry and remain at
home, and ceasing to wander about, they
live (quietly) with their wives.

It is a distressing thing to see how the
people of this country manage. First of
all the parents give- their son in marriage
when he is very young. If they do not
happen to have been successful in trade,
&e. and are in want of money, they then,
in order to get their children married, by
a thousand searches and trouble borrow
money ; if not, they importune (their
acquaintances), and collect what they
think will suffice. In this way, they
consider the completion of the marriage
of their offspring to be a thing of the first

importance.

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importance. If after the marriage of the
boy he has no means of living, he is then
necessitated to travel to a great distance
in order to get some employment, and in
a miserable plight traverses many coun-
tries. Some people then, after a year,
and commonly not till after many years
of absence, are able to enjoy the society
of their wives : the heart of the wife is
therefore sorrowful by reason of the separa-
tion, and during the time that the husband
is absent she will perhaps form bad inten-
tions ; therefore it happens, that some-
times when the husband is removed the
wife commits wickedness, and takes no
care to preserve her husband from shame
and disgrace.

In the impassioned poetry of Persia,
and also in the Hindee, Birj, and Ben-
gallee, there are many poems regarding
the anxiety and grief attendant on separa-
tion. The £nglish consider a separation

from

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from their wives, like the above, as
using them very tyranically ; and even in
a religious point of view it is considered
bad. In this case, assuredly, justice is on
the side of the English.

After the English have made a suf-
ficiency to maintain themselves com-
fortably, then during their whole life,
even though it be extended to seventy or
eighty years, they apply themselves night
and day to add to their stock of knowledge,
and never remain a minute idle. They
are not like the people of this country,
who repeat Hindee and Persian poems in
praise of a mistress's face, or descriptive of
the qualities of the wine, of the goblet,
and of the cup-bearer, and who pretend
to be in love.

The English are naturally good ma-
nagers : they never throw away their
money, and reckon it a very disgraceful
thing to be in debt. The middle ranks of

society

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sodety place their maney in tbe heaads of
a banker., and tec^ive the intereat of it
monthly : the principal therefor^ remdins
untouched^ They are such a calculating
race, that it often happens that a wealthy
nian has only one inab servant to attend
upon him, who shaves and dresses him ;
besides the footman he has a female cook
and a chambermaid, and for the horses
there is a single groom : the whole busU
ness of the house, then, is carried on by
tltese servants. The master's time is oe**
cupied abroad, ib making Excursions afid
id hunting : his wife takes charge of all
the accounts, superintends tlie household
expenditure^ and has the general manage*-
ment of every thing.

Many rich people who have fanulids
keep no carriage : when they require one
they hire a bazar carriage. People of
rank, and even princes, do not think
themselves at all lowered by walking the

i distance

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distance of a quarter or half a coss in the
streets and bazar, either duriog tibe day or
night : taking a stick in their hand, they go
abroad in plain clothes. They do not re-
semble, in this respect, the rajahs and
wealthy men of this country, who are
attended by nukeebs, chobdars, esawuls,*
foot and horse, rockets and standards,
mah6 muratib,*!* and great pomp. Now
the English consider the profusion, and the
ceremony and state of the Indian retinues,
as a most absurd and useless expenditure
of money, and laugh at the people of this
country for being such fools and block-
heads. They say, if any one (in England)
were to appear with a pompous retinue,
the boys of the city and bazar would
throw dirt upon his attendants, and
would tauntingly clap their hands and
throw stones.
Amongst mankind in general vid:ues and

vices

* Officers of parade,
f An honorary badge, being the figure of a fish.

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vices are always found : every nation con-
siders some particular things sinful, or thiB
contrary.

Amongst the wise of Europe (or the
English), to make use of the expression
" God damn me '^ is considered very sinful.
However, this oath is constantly on the
tongues of the common people, whether
they be amusing themselves, fighting, or
in a passion ; but there are many learned
men and philosophers, who during their
whole lives have never made use of this
oiath : for " God " means the Almighty,
and ^^ danan '' his curse. In like manner,
Musselmabs make use of the term
** lanutoollah" (the curse of God), which
is very wrong and highly improper.
The religious amongst the Nazerenes say,
that the pure name of God is only to be
made use of in private during the time of
prayer, and that it is highly disrespectful
to make use of it in the public streets and
z 2 bazar,

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bazar, anii every hour, aod on all occa-

4iOQS)»

Again, amongst noblemen and people of
tbe QQiiddle claas of society, it is considered
yery wrong for one man to call another a
liar or a thief. If during a dispute the
one party call the other a thipf c^. li^„ it
then becomes necessary that they both go
out and fight with pistols: if, however,*
ope of them refuse to fight, he is alvF>ays
^fter regarded as a coward; both high
^nd low tauntingly reproach him,, and he
qannot again show his face amongst his
q^m^miom* If one of the parties happen
to fal] in the duel the other is obliged t<i fly
tO; a foi^eign country, where he remains a
^hort. time. The people of this, natiom
Qi^nsider their: honour dearer to^ them than
lifeitsqlf,

Mai?iy people in gamblang lose all their
priopfa'ty and effijctt, asj their household
fnmitm&y ho«i£^. garden^ &e. tbe^r ai^

therefore

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therefore^ accounted uncommonly foolish.
But what is strange, they still continue the
same course; for it sometimes happens
that they win as well as lose, and cmn
sidering this occupation m the light of
tradifig by sea, they try their luck in it.
Some few there are who acquire riches by
games of hazard, but how many are ruined
and sunk in poverty.

The East-India Company, The meat^-
iiig of the word • company ' is a number
of persons united for the execution of
any thing. In England there are many
companies, who all pay tribute to the
kmg.

The East-India Company consists of
thousands of proprietors^ but the direct
tofs alone have the management of every
thing : they are twenty-four in number.
It is their business to consult regarding
the. gpyi^rnmant of their territories^ to
examine papers, and t& calculia^te the

profit

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profit aiid loss* After having been two
or three years in office they are changed.

The Company, being merchants, are pf
an inferior grade and rank to the King%
ministers ; and it is well known that when
a captain of his Majesty's service comes
to India he accounts himself far superior
to a Company's colonel.*

When the ships of the Company arrive
in England they are exempted from duties.
However, there-is a great search made for

merchandize

* This feeling is not so prevalent now fts formerly, and
would cease altogether, if King's officers were allowed to
share situations of emolument with the Company's. When
anything is to be done, European troops get all the hard
knocks : and it must necessarily excite jealousy and envy
in the breasts of his Majesty's officers, to see the Company's
enjoying the sweets of the service, whilst they are exduded
from almost all staff appointments, being thereby deprived
of every stimulus to exertion, as they have no hope of
meeting a substantial reward. However, it ought not to
be concealed, that owing to the difficulty of managing
European soldiers in the east, the removal of King's officers
from their corps would be attended with great hazard.

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merchandize (among the effects of the
passen^rs) ; as Bengal cloths,! silks,
opium, &c. No private individual b able
to take these articles to Europe without
first paying a heavy duty. Even a noble-
man will have all his effects seized, and
be fined besides in five hundred rupees, if
a silk handkerchief, a tolah* of opium, or
a piece of silk be found in his trunks. In
like manner this happened to me. I had a
number of handkerchiefs in my trunk, and
in that of Mrs. Peacock a piece of mu-
shujur was discovered, as- 1 have formerly
mentioned y for this reason all the effects of
Mrs. Peacock and Captain S., along with
the packet itself, were detained at the Cus-
tom-house for fifteen days, and even after
we had arrived in London, our effects were
not released for a month. The matter
underwent an investigation in a court of
law ; (and it came out) that a Custom-
house

♦ 1 Tolah is=Gr. Tr. 179.6666.

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house officer being in a state of intoxica-
tioD bad biehaved rudely to Mrs, Peacock,
and had struggled with her. . In conse«
quence of this having occurred, Mr.
Peacock's things were given up to him.
Concerning my handkerchiefs, the gentle-
men of the court said, ^ this is but a small
'matter and they were not brought here

* for sale. The Moonshee being a Hin*

* doostanee, and never having been in £ng->
\ land before, is of course unacquainted
^ with our manners and customs, we there-

* fore pardon his offence.^

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CHAPTER XV.

Of the Food of the English Of Flowers Jims

Manner of Travelling Agriculture Horses

Wild Animals Dogs.

I WANT ability, to enumerate all the
different articles for eating and drinking
which can be procured in England.

** If you wish to get fowl's milk you can procure it there."

Though there are great varieties of
flowers in Hindoostan and Persia, yet even
in England I saw the ghool mhendee,^
shubbo,^ goolab,^ taj-i-khooroos,^ lalah,^
nafurman,^ gend/ belah,® mograh^ nufr
gus,^^ joe,^^ and chumbelee.^^ Besides

2 A these,

8. Jasminum zambas.

9. Double Arabian jas-
mine.

1. Impatiens balsamica.

2. Polyanthes tuberosa.

3. Common rose.

4. The cockscomb flow-
er (amaranthus).

5. Tulip.

6. Unknown.
?• Marigold.

10. Narcissus or the eye
of a mistress.

11. Jasminum auricula-
tum.

12. Unknown.

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these, many white, red, yellow, and
blue flowers, whose names I am unac-
quainted with. There is one, however,
the gool-i-carnation, of a red colour, con*
cerning which I recollect the following
couplet in praise of a mistress :

« The rose is red, the violet's blue ;
** Carnation's sweet, and so are you."

I observed thousands of roses, which were
all very large; and in other countries I
never saw such large roses.

The country is so well cultivated, that
there is not a biswah,* or even a yard
of ground, on which crops are not raised,
as I have formerly stated. I travelled
both in England and Scotland, but I
never saw an extensive plain without
cultivation, nor one where an army of ten
or twelve thousand men, or even one
thousand or five hundred men with their

followers

* 20biswahs=l katha; 20 kathas^l beegah ; and 1
beegah=120 feet square.

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followers and effects (like as in thiis coun-
try) could halt (in consequence of the
abundant cultivation).

In England, at every stage there is a
large and extensive house of accommoda-
tion, where corn and hay (for the horses)
and meat and drink for the people can be
had. The traveller has no trouble as to
cooking, and every thing will be provided
for him ; and if any one should be desirous
of having a censors lectin even that ac-
commodation can be afforded.

There are stage-coaches, which change
horses every five or six coss, and these
coaches travel both night and day, and
whatever sleep or rest a ftian may re-
quire it is only got whilst sitting in the
conveyance. The ground is passed over so
rapidly, that in a day and a night seventy
or eighty coss are traversed. At the dif-
ferent inns where they stop, both breakfast
and dinner are ready waiting them. (The
2 A 2 coach)

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coach) stops until breakfast or dinner is
despatched ; but a quarter of an hour is all
that is allowed.

At every inn many horses are kept:
when, therefore, a person undertakes a
journey, he goes first of all to the inn^
and pays before-hand the amount of fare,
according to the distance he has to travel.

The post-coach is a large vehicle, in
which four persons can travel sitting face
to face ; they travel in the same manner
as was before described. Poor people
usually hire horses and travel in that
way : those in very indigent circumstances
are of course oblig;ed to walk.

The husbandry is dissimilar to that
of this country. The soil in England is
commonly poor and stony : a rich soil is
seldom met with. First of all the ground
is cleared by picking up the stones upon
it, then the dung of cows and horses, being
mixed with straw, is spread upon it : after

this.

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181

this, with great labour they p^pare it for
receiving the seed. They raise evary
variety of grain on ground prepared as
above.

I saw in many different places a white
earth, which in English is termed chalk ;
also a good deal of that red earth which
the Hindoos name geroo.

The usual mode of agriculture is as
Ibllows. For four months in the year,
during the winter, the groutid is bound up
with frost. In the month of Jet,* the sun
being in the constellation Aries, its heat
causes the ice to become wate*, by which
the earth is moistened. The farmers th«i
plough up the soil, some using a two-
horse, and others a four-^horse plough :
they then sow the seed of barley, &c*, and
in four or five months the grain is ready
for the sickle.

In England.^ rain falls in a greater or

less

* Name of a BengaUee month.

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less quantity during twelve months of the
year, but there is only one crop raised
annually. It is different in Hindoostan,.
in which there are two crops annually:
one is the rubbee harvest, the other the
khureef.

The horses of England, as to bulk and
height, would make two of the horses of
India : much more work is got out of
them too : their price is also less. The
lower order keep horses for their carts
and ploughs, and for carrying burdens.
The work which the people of this coun-
try do by means of oxen, asses, camels,
and bu£faloes, is performed in England by
horses alone. The English, when they
hear that the people of India use bullocks
for riding upon, for carrying burdens, and
for dragging carts, ail3 greatly amused and
wonder at it.

In England it is usual to castraite
almost all the horses, and to cut off their

tails.

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tails. The explanation which I heard
given for castrating and docking the horses
is as follows: — a horse with a long tail is
very troublesome to his rider from flapping
it about ; and they castrate them because
women, both of high and low degree, ride
upon horseback, and they would be
ashamed to be seen upon a stallion.

The roadsters and race-horses are very
fleet : they are not so fat as the others.
In England, Arab and Persian horses are
held in great estimation, and fetch long
prices.

In England there are neither tigers,
wolves, leopards, bears, rock-snakes, ser-
pents, lynxes, nor jackals. They say,
however, that formerly there were difierent
kinds of carnivorous and troublesome
animals, which occasioned annoyiEince to
the people, therefore a certain number of
men were appointed to traverse the forests
and hills: these exterminated the dan-
gerous

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184

gerons animals^ so that no^ there is no
vestige of them. However, the deceitful
and cunning foxes^ contrived to save their
lives, by concealing themselves in holes.

There is a story exemplifying the sly-
ness and cunning of the fox which is cur-
rent in England « A certain person who
lived in a town having constructed a
wood6n house ten or twelve cubits in
height, kept hii^ ducks in it, and always
carefully fastened the door at night. A
fox lay constantly in wait at a short dis-
tance to carry off the ducks, and was
continually on the watch to do so. One
night the owner of the ducks inconsi-
derately left the door untied, and pro-
ceeded homewards, and the door remained
open like the eyes of a lover (at night),
resembling likewise the doors of the gene-
rous. The crafty fox having now got an
opportunity, quicker than the lightning or
wind entered the house, and laid hold of

the

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laaf

the necks of the ducks in such a maiiMr
that they could not make a noise.. He
then carried off the whole to a distance,
aqd buried them in a sandy spot and
smoothed the ground over them ; in thia
way providing for himself a magasine ot
provisions. Good God! what foreaight
the European foxes hare regarding their
living t Alas, alas I for we neither lay up
a store for the present life nor foe o«r
future state. In^ the morning, when the
owner of the ducks caxae, be could not
see a single one, at which be was greatly
surprised. A number of people then cqU
lected, 9nd they all commenced aearching
in ev^y direction for the dqcks ; at la9t
they came to the place where they bad
been bitried, and observing a feather of
one of them appearing above grounds tb«y
pulled up one of the d»d ducks ; t^j
then dug up the ground and found t^«
whole flock. The owner was very aw-

2 B rowful,

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186

rowful, and grieved at what had hap-
pened ^

Elephants^ camels, &c. are sent to
Europe from this country, and are kept
in a large building. The people of Eng-
land consider these animals as very ex^
traordinary creations, they therefore flock
from far and near to see the spectacle.
They first give at the door of the building
&ne or two rupees, and then go inside and
see the exhibition. This, then, is another
way of raising money.

The dogs of England are greatly cele-
brated : they a^e taught to perform many
vonderful and surprising things, .which
the common people of this country do not
believe a word of.

' I saw many varieties of the dog species,
both small and great, and water-spaniels
and pointers, which (last) astonished me.
One day I went out shooting on the plain
near the city of : Edinburgh, accompanied

by

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by the son of a Mn Sergeant and a gar-^
dener : it was in the month of iKatut^ M^beit
the barley and wheat ate cut down. Mr;
S. had with him a small pointer, which
kept ahead of us at a short distance off;
we followed after him. The dog hunted
about in every direction for game, which
be endeavoured to discover by the scent^
but he was unsuccessful . in finding any.
All at once, however, we came upon a field
in which there were ten or twelve par-
tridgear feeding amongst the grass. Imr
mediately the dog scented them he stood
still, at the distance of twenty cubits from
them : at one moment he looked towards
his master, and the next he depressed his
head. Mr. S., as soon as he observed him
frqta a distance^ knew that he was point-
ing at game, He then speedily advanced,
but could not discover the birds in front;
he therefore cast an angry glance at the
dog : which advancing ten paces, stood
2 B 2 still

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•till again ; for be treSi kjaetir tin r<t«satl
that iuh tnastte tt^as displeased mth fatixi^
which . WHS ifirom not se^g the gatne^ fdr
(said he to himtelf)) ^^ mj in^ter thiiili$
f^ thatlamdeoeiviBghioL'' Then Mr. &
hating gobe on a shott distatace farther^
still oould not observe anything ; he tber^
ibre again looked in an aikgry mailner at
the dog, which vfeat forward a short way
and again pointed* Mn S« bontinned to
follow him: still there were no sigtis of
the game, fm thej were anlbngst wheat
stubble^ whidh was yery high, the birds
were thbrefote completelj hidden by it
Hie dog's tnaster then got into a great
rage, and the pointer being afraid of hi^
iife i^an in upon the game. On ithich the
oorey immediately rose. Mn S4 fired and
brought down a brace of birds ; the gar-
dener likewise knocked one down. Mn
Sergeant knew that Mussdmand will not
isat teeat that has not been regularly sacrifi-
ced,

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189

oed,* he therefore brought the three par^
tridges to me and desired me to saorifioe
then : after 1 hod done so he. gave ih6m
aU to tue^ When I came to eat the game I
foond the meat to be very ta^fal and
savoery. Captain S*^ upon hearing that
Wfe had bugged some partridges^ and also
tlie ta^aner in which they liad been dis^-
posed of» said in a bad humour, ^^ you
^* had bt^ter have given me one or two of
«* them» for they -tire eaten by our caste*^
I replied, ^^ If I had known that, I would
" have &edt you the whole three/'

For huiitiog the fofx and hare larger
^eies of dogs are used. Truly there is
a great i'eMmblance between the naturefc

of

* Whilst cutting the throat of a bird Musselmans repeat
the fbUolfrilig sentence:

^ Nouae to on uz baha be hazil teiur,
" BisraiUah uBa hu uckbur."

<< I intend to sacrifice this bird in the name of God the
Ahnighty."

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190

of dogs: and men^ which is shewn in the
way the former hunt

The manner in which the rich hunt
with large dogs is as follows: A number of
people subscribe and keep perhaps a hun-
dred dogs. When there is to be a hunt,
a hundred or fifty men assemble on the
plain, every one mounted on a fleet steed.
The huntsman, taking the dogs: along with
him, is also mounted: he carries a horn
in his hand. The pack is then let looser
and the dogs separate and beat about in
the jungles and on the common in search
of the game. When the huntsman sounds
his horn, although the dogs be ever so
far off, the moment they hear the blast
they immediately collect round him:
again, upon his making a sign they go
off in search of the game. When a deer
happens to be started they follow after it,
and never give up the pursuit. During
the chase the' horsemen follow the dogs

constantly,

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191

coDStantljy and without the least fear;
even to the distance of ten or twelve t<m ;
they never pause a moment to take breath*
If they come to a ditch on the plain, or a
wall or fence the height of a man or even
more, they oiuse the horse to clear these
obstacles, and until the death of the stag
they never allow themselves any rest.

It is well known that the English, par-
ticularly the wealthy among them, begin
to teach their sons riding at the age of
four years, and till their old age they
take constant exercise on horseback*
They account fatigue and laborious em-
ployment honourable, and reckon laziness
and indolence highly disgraceful. How
different, in this respect, are the great
men of this country, who employ them-
selves in eating pooliios,* in drinking
water cooled with saltpetre, and recline
on soft velvet cushions and couches, and

walk

* A [mrticular mode of preparing a curry and rice.

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w»lk ftbottt blowing in » Biigkty con^
9equ«Qti{il mq^iQer^ They aie always re-^
posing theni8«ive9 ftn4 giving tb^pase^ves
fii>e %irg» Of a tratb, that country ia
which the soldier, the great Mid tiic hwi
are affected and c^ominate in their naii^
mers, thea assuredly it will be subdued by
a brave oation and a warlike people*

** The person yrho strikes with th& sword, his name beeomes
eiirrentn"

The country will depart from the hands
qf those people wlK)se manners are luxu-
rious and unmanly ;

«< Oh my life, a conceited man is not ornamented by ambi-

« tion.
« TItQse pqqpje only wjio are brave anfl ept^xfmwgi kwp

" th^ir feet on this pl^.''

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198

CHAPTER XVI.

Of the Differences that aroee between Captain S. and the

Author The reasons for his leaving England Hq

arrives in India Conclusion.

At this time among the people of Eng-
land there were none who could either
write or read the Persian language; how-
ever, many were exceedingly anxious to
learn. This being the case, Captain S.,
Doctor Fulton, Captain Steel, and othei?
great people, having first consulted tog6-
ther, then said to me, " you had better
" remain in England for some time (as a
" teacher)." After this Captain S. was con-
stantly saying (the same thing) to me, and
bringing messag<es from others, and con*
tinually tempting me (as in the following
manner). *• At presetit there is no one in
" England who understands Persian ; many
2 c " great

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J94

^^ great .men will therefore read Persian
" with you, by which your interests will
^' be greatly advanced. A remittance will
" be constantly sent to Bengal for the
" support of your wife and children ; and
" if one woman of your religion be not
" enough for you during the time you re-
" main here, you can have a couple : do
" not be uneasy about this/'

At first, when he began to hold this
sort of conversation with me, I imagined
that it was merely intended as a trial of
nay temper, I therefore never returned any
answer. When, however, his importunities
exceeded all bounds, and when his people
began to taunt and asperse me on account
of my faith and religion, thereby annoying
me greatly, and sajing to me, " come and
" eat along with us ;" also when Captain
S. wished me to travel about in company
with him, then I immediately began to
doubt if Captain S/s civility and friendship

would

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195

would ooQtinue. Therefore^ relying dn
God's assistance, I began to return suitable
answers, consistent with the tenets of my
religion. 1 said, " poverty in my own
" country is much better than wealth in
^ this, and I consider the dark com-
•* plexioned : women of Hindoostan far
^ preferable to the fairy-faced damsels of
'' England/'

Captain S. then said, *^ I intend to tra- .
^' vel, and to take you along with me.
^* We will visit the different cbuntries of
^ Europe, and both you and myself, from
^^ .seeing the curiosities and spectacles of
** the different countries will be benefited
" and instructed/* Now Captain S/s
real intention in travelling was this:
ignorant people, upon seeing me dressed
out in my usual manner, supposed that I
was the brother of some Nouab or other
in Bengal, and that Captain S. having been
in Bengal bad become so great a man that

2 c 2 he

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196

he was accomp^nted home, by the brother
of a Noaab. For (on my account) his
name was greatly celebrated, both in
Edinburgh ;and: in the towns in the neighr
bburhood, aiid by making a tour with me
lie thought to add to his reputation.

To his proposal I replied : ** I am cer*
^* tainly very desirous of making the tour
" of different countries, and of seeing the
" curiosities and varieties which they con-
*' tain, provided my servant be allowed to
" accompany me for the purpose of cook-
•* ing my victuals/' Captain S. answer-
ed : " You and I will travel together in
^^ one carriage, but to hire a separate con*
" veyance for your servant would be
**; attended with a very heavj^ expense : it
^* will be far better if your servant reniaia
^^ here^ and that you and myself eat
" together/' To this I replied: "It
^* would be in direct opposition to the
" iaith of Islam to sacrifice our religion

" for

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197

**; for the sftke of tte worW, you must ex*
" cusc; and pardon mfi/or not complying
" with what . you ide^i?e.'' Then said Cap^
tain S.: "I know the precepts of the Mus-^
^ selnianee.rfiligiQA on this head, which
^* are, that wheukja per^oq i« on a JQuroey
" he may live in whichever way necessity
^^ compels him, it is immaterial in what
" way.*' To this I anstvered, " I have my
" free choice to live jn whatever way I
'^ like, there is no compulsion in the
" case. What is meant by * being com-
" pelled hy necessity' is, that if any one
" be jn bondage, ox forced, or the mis-
^^ fortunes of hunger and famine befal
^^ him^ he may then subsist in the best
" way he can, without any disgrace. On
^' thisi head the doctors of our religion say,
^< that it is. highly praiseworthy to sacrU
" fice life itsielf for the sake of religion^
^^ and that, in every case, it is necessary
'> and .expedient to refrain from commit-

" ting

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^^ ting those acts which the law ibr*
*^ bids, in order that the world may not
**.have the power to ruin our religions
" principles/'

To be brief, between Captain S. and
myself there were constantly conversations
like the above occurring. The Captain
thought (I suppose) that I replied to him
in the manner I did by reason of my folly,
and from being proud of my religion; he
therefore imagined that necessity would
compel me to eat with him after a fast of
a couple of days, for he thought it would
be impossible for me to do otherwise.
He in consequence made trial of his plan,
which occasioned a world of trouble to me
for a fortnight. However I was supported
by a kind providence, so that my health
was not at all injured by it. The nar-
ration of the above is as follows :
, At the time I am speaking of, there was
in England a dispute between those who

had

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199

had been members of council in Calcutta :
they even submitted the cause of quaitel
to the decision of a court of law. Some
of them were suspected of having taken
bribes from Nx)uab Muzuffur Jung, Mah-
rajah Nund Koomar, and from Mahrajah
Doulhah Ram. In order to substantiate
this accusation by the examination of wit-
nesses, Captain S.^ Captain Steel, and Mr.
Peacock, being lately from Bengal, were
summoned to attend the court. At this
juncture Captain S. tormented me to go
along with him, and said : " I. have got a
" number of Persian letters by me which
" are required to substantiate my evi-
" dence, therefore it will be necessary for
" you to go along with me, in order to
" read and translate these letters.*' I ex-»
cused myself, on the plea of not being
able to go without my servant, and the
inconvenience I would be put to from not
being able to eat meat ;. but he would not

listen

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listen to' my excuse, and said : ^^ in otd&t
^* to i take your) servant along with ue it
^ -will be necessary to hire a sepaitite
^ conveyance, which will occasion a dela^y
^^ of five or six days, and I am ordered ito
^^ appear in the court in l^iOndoii three
** vdays hence, therefore it is^ow too late
** to send for another vehicle: you alone,
^^ then, must come along with me, some*
" how or other/' What could I do? 1
was obliged to inconvenience 'myself ; I
therefore reconciled myself to the wishes
of the Almighty^ • and gating into the car-
riage with Captain S«, we pursued our
journey, merely taking with me my
hooka and a small quantity of tobacco.

After we had travelled constantly for a
day and a -night ive haltied at an ihn. I
then prepared with my owa hands iM)me
sherbet and drank it ; and having made
my dinner of a few almonds, raisins, and
dates, -I swallowed two or three mout^fuls

of

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201

of water. When Captain S/s dinner was
placed on the table he sent for me and
said : " The dinner you see before you
^* consists of fowl and mutton, with
" wheaten bread, which food both your
'^ and our castes eat, and there is none of
" that flesh here (jjwine's) which is for-
" bidden to your people. There is very
" little difference between cutting the
^* throat of a fowl and strangling it.
^ Besides, in slaughtering a sheep you cut
" through the skin and divide half the
** neck of the animal; now we do ex-
" actly the same; we never think of
^ eating an animal which has died a
'^ natural death, therefore then, why do
*^ you consider it disgraceful to partake
** of our food ? You are purposely like
^ the fools of Calcutta, and make a block-
** head of yourself, and with your trifling
** behaviour you subject yourself to great
" trouble and inconvenience." I replied :
2d " your

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202

" your caste are certainly possessors of a
" book of revelation, therefore are better
" than other nations who have not got ^
" sacred volume. Howeveryouarealjow-
" ed to eat the food prepared by the hands
" of these people, provided they are
" cleanly and do not make use of impure
" vessels ;* but (for a Mussulman) it is
" not lawful to eat meat that has not
" been sacrificed by the hands of a Mus-
" sulman. In sacrificing, it is not merely
" the cutting the throat of the animal,
" but the prayer must be offered up like-
" wise, and ablution must follow, all which
" cannot be done by any other than a
" Musselman. Besides this, you are in
" the habit of eating your food without
*' the accompaniments of spices, ghee,-f-
" and salt, in consequence of which an
" oflfensive odour arises from your meat,

" which

* An allusion is here made to the Pariah cooks employed

by Europeans in India,
t Clarified butter.

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203

'" which is very disagreeable to our olfac-
" tory organs, therefore then how can we
" swallow such food ?'*

Whilst I was making this speech the
Captain knitted his brows and said : " You
^^ Musselmans are possessed with an idea
" that we are gross feeders/' To this I
replied : " By what I just said, I had no
" intention of making out that you were
** gross feeders; neither was any insult
" intended. I simply stated, that every
" country has its own peculiar customs
" and usages ; therefore the food of every
" nation is pleasant to the taste of the
" people of that nation, though to a per-
** son of a different country it may be un-
" palatable. Between your manners and
" customs and ours there is the distance
" of the west and east/'

In fine, the oven of my stomach from

the fire of hunger became immoderately

heated, and the kettle of my belly, from

2 D 2 increase

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204

increase of appetite, began fiercely to boiW
From the food which I had eaten, con-
sisting of a small quantity of almonds^ &c,
atid the sherbet which I had drank when
J first arrived at the inn^ my appetite was
rendered more keen.

When we arrived in London I was near-
ly fainting, and until the second watch of
the day I remained without sense. I was
like a corpse, being deprived of all mo-
tion. In this condition I was discovered
by Captain S.'s servant, who thought I
had actually expired. He went and told
the Captain, who ca^me to me in a great
fright, and awaking me from sleep asked
me how I felt myself. I replied : " I am
" well enough, I only feel very weak/'
Then Captain S. ordered his servant to
bring rice, a fowl, spices, &c. and weak as
I was, I killed the fowl and roasted it.
I also cooked a small quantity of rice and
ate it along with the toast. I then lay

down

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305

itowD and slept till six in the evening, and
next morning arose perfectly recovered.
I remained a week in London^ dmring
which time I dressed my victuals with my
own hand. Four of us then got into a
coach and we arrived in Edinburgh.

A second time Captain S.. took me along
with him alone (nolens vokm) to a town
in the Highlands, the chief Magistrate of
which was Captain S.*s elder brotiier.
This town was at some distance from
Edinburgh. We remained there three days
and nights, during which time my con-
dition was similar to what has been already
described.

One day Captain S* said to me : ** I
*' was twenty years in Bengal, during
" which time I became well acquainted
'' with the manners of Mussulmans. I
** have lived with Nouabs and the sons of
^^ noblemen, and was constantly in the
" habit of drinking and eating with them.

" (Now

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206

" (Now I observed) that the superior
" order of Musselmans, though they were
" ashamed to drink wine before people,
*^ saying * we never think of drinking
** wine/ yet immediately strangers had
•* retired they snatched the goblet from
^' the hands of the cup-bearer and quaffed
" off the liquor, and said, ' wine is an
^^ excellent thing; in the universe there
^^ is no other delight to equal it : Mus-
^^ sulmans are forbidden by their religion
** to indulge in drinking before people,
" for if we drink before strangers assuredly
" it is a disgraceful thing ; however, to
" drink in secret is of no consequence
" whatever/ Now you (Itesa Moodeen)
" are not a man of rank, neither are you
" descended from Nouabs or from Princes,
" besides you are alone in this country,
" and there is no man of your caste to
^* note your good and evil actions, there-
" fore then what is the reason that you

" abstain

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207

'^ abstain from eating our meat and drink-
" ing our wine. The only reason that I
** can discover is this : you are a Bengallee,
^^ and the Bengallees of Hindoostan are
" notorious for their folly and stupidity/'
To this I replied : " a man is not rendered
" either noble or illustrious merely on ac-
^* count of possessing worldly wealth.
*' True nobility consists in acquiring
" knowledge, in leading an upright life,
" in obeying the laws, and in striving to
" please God and the prophet. If men
" of rank, from pride of wealth, or from
" being tempted by the devil, act con-
*« trary to the precepts of religion, they
" are assuredly highly culpable ; and it isi
" not necessary that a poor Musselman
" obey or be subservient to a man of
" opulence, when he wishes him to dis-
*' believe in the injunctions of God and
" the prophet. What are, in fact, worldly
" riches ? If the son of an angel or of a

" prophet

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208

" prophet be irreligious or wicked, and
'^ iff on the other hand, a poor canyas-
" dres$« or a beggar act uprightly and
^^ continue £iithfa], then in the ejes of
" the doctors of our religion the son of
** the angel or prophet will appear worth-
" less and vile, whilst the poor but
" faithful man s conduct will be reckoned
" very honourable and good. As Pharoah
" wished to be considered a God, and did
'^ not regard the injunctions of Hussurut
" Moosa (with whom be peace), even
** although he was wealthy and a king, yet
" the people (to this day) curse him, and
** consider his followers unbelievCTs. This
^^ being the case then^ the common peo-
*' pie act wickedly^ when they obey the
*^ orders of the irreligious from a hanker-
" ing after worldly wealth, and whea they
* grow careless about religion in order to
^* please great people, who do not keep
" the fear of God be£>re their eyes* Now

*'all

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209

^^ all Mussulmans are noble and of illus-
" trious origin, for they are sprung from
" the prophet, his companions^ arid the
" caliphs. It is not necessary for me
" to describe their illustrious birth or
" exalted rank, which are so well known.
" Yet, amongst us, poverty and indigence
" are not accounted disgraceful. Poverty
" is even reckoned honourable, because
" our prophet (with whom be the blessing
** and peace of God) and all his com-
*• panions esteemed the slipper of the
" beggar and his wooden shoe, as equal
" in value to a royal crown or a cap of
*' <;ommand. They kicked aside worldly
" property and wealth: therefore their
" descendants, being of the same way
" of thinking as their ancestors were, are
" not ashamed of poverty, and they con-
" sider religion to be far better than sub-
" lunary matters. Although (the religious
**^oor) may seem in the eyes of the

2 E ** wealthy

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210

14

trealthy and peo[^ of a strange caste
to be miserable and coatemptible^ yet
they are always accounted respectable
by Mttsselmanee kings and nobleSf by
^' whom tbey ar6 exalte add honoured.
^^ All thftt I have said can be proved to
" be true, by referring to chronicles and
" books of history.**

^^ After the demise of Hussurut the
/^ prophet (with whom be the blessing
^ and ptode of God)) Aboo Bukr Sudeek,
^^ Oomr Farook, Oosman Been Ufan^ and
'^ Hussurut Eben Alee Talib (on all of
'^ whom be peace), occupied in succes*-
^^ aion the throne of the caliphat. After
^' Hussurut Alee, Hussurut Imaum Hus-
*^ sun (with whom be peace) ; after whom
^v Mavia ornamented the throne of the
^^ caliphs, when the dignity of Caliph
^^ descebded to Eseed^ Mavia's son. He
^^ knowiii^ that thSQ caliphat was the right
^< of Hussurut Imam Zeenpol Abudeen

« (with

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m

•* (with whom be peace), the son of Hjus-
♦* surut Imam Hoosen (with whom be
^ peace), in order therefore to make him
'* assume the title he gave him great
*^ annoyance; but the Hussurat (Zeenoo-
" labudeen) would not agree to it, but
^ said, f that poverty and indigence are
*' the inheritance we derive from our an-
•^ cestors, we must also pray to and serve
** God : riches and the dignity of Caliph
^^ are mere secondary considerations/
*' After this the office of Caliph cam^ to
^* the son of Oomeia : then Alice Abaas
*' held it; afterwards HuUakoo Khan,
"descended from Chungez Khan, who
•* subdued many countries. To him suc-
" ceeded Shah Ismael, who was sprung
** from the kings Suffavea, who again are
*^ descended from Hussurat Moosa Cazim*
^^ (with whom be peace), therefore of
" illustrious family and descended from
2 E 2 " prophets,

* His Highness Moses, the restrainer of anger.

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212

^^ prophets, he (Shah Ism'ael) became
*• king of Persia. The Sultanut of Room
" was then held by Alee Oosman. After
'^ this, in the time of Sultaun Mabmood
" Yuznavee, Hindoostan was subjected to
" Musselmanee rule. Then the govern-
^' ment of India came to the hands of
^* Alee Shah Boodeen : to him succeeded
" king Umeer Timoor, who was of Mogul
** descent ; after him followed his sons and
" those of Shah Abaas. The kings of
'^ Persia are descended from the prophet ;
" so likewise the Sultaun of Room, who is
" sprung from Hussurut Oosman (may
" God be pleased with him), rules over
" the countries of Room, Syria, and
" Arabia, until this day.

" To be brief, our ancestors were Sieds
" and descendants of the prophet, ahd some
*' of them were of the families of the com-
" panions of the prophet and of the Caliph
*^ Asim. Assuredly, then, these people

" were

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. 213

^' were heirs to the caliphat, . and had a
" claim to the crown and throne ; but they
** gave up worldly honours from a love of
" prayer, and a desire of . acquiring. know-
" ledge, and contented themselves in retire-
" ment with the food which was prepared
" for them : therefore the Sultauns of Hin-
" doostan and the Caliphs of Room gave
" these people jaghires,* and allotted
" them pensions in every district and
" country. When the children of the
", Sieds began to increase, and had sepa-
" rated themselves in the countries of
" Persia, Hindoostan, &c., then the kings
" and rajahs of these countries shewed
" them favour and honoured them greatly,
" but said : * These people know they have
" a right to the caliphat and to kingly
" power, therefore will perhaps wish to
" commence war or cause strife :' and, in
^* order to prevent their rising (with the

" exception

♦ Land given by government in reward for services.

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214

" exception of Ae Moguls), other nations
'' lessened the dignity and lowered the
^< Sieds and Shaikhs in rank, so diat
^ many days after, when their descendants
** had become very numerous and had
<^ little to subsist on, they then began to
*' desire service; and the poor people
** among them, in order to find employ-
*• ment, travelled about to every country
*' and city, soliciting the favour of the
** opulent. Thanks and praise be unto
^* God, that these people (generally speak-
*• ing) unto this day are firmly attached to
•' the religion of their ancestors. I am a
** poor man of the above caste, who have
** come to this country as a traveller
** (through your means), being allured by
^^ aliment. I am forlorn and friendless,
" and have been subjected continually to
^^ hardships and the labour of travelling;
** being therefore unable to help mysdf, I
*• must await the issue patiently.

« Though

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215

** Though the head of Zekeriah was sawn asunder, yet he

uttered no complaint.
<< Though misfortunes happen to th$ sons of Adam, they

will in time get oTer them.**

Captain S.> having heard what I had
said, was convinced (that I was right).
StilU as is always the case amongst his
countrymen, who contemn the poor and
account the rich illustrious, he did not
believe in all I had advanced, although
I had given him suitable answers ; he there-
fore still continued to dispute with me,
as he had done from the beginning.
However, in my absence, he told my his-
tory to different people of rank, and
praised me exceedingly, saying, ^^ During
^^ the whole time that I remained in £en-
^^ gal, I never saw such a strict Mussel-
^ man as this man is. On the voyage he
^' had a severe attack of flux, so that he
^^ was nearly dying. I was very anxious
** to administer a small quantity of wine,
^ by way of medicine, bnt he would not

** taste

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216

" taste a drop, and He recovered (without
'' it)/'

One day Captain S. asked me, " bow
" is it that you contrive to keep your
" health so well ? you have not been sick
" fOT many days/' I answered, " the
" grand secret is abstinence. True' it is,
*^ that. when I set out for England I was
^* in considerable perplexity (on account
*^ of the: temptations that would assail
" me): I therefore prayed to God, saying,
" * Oh Lord ! preserve me from drinking
" * wine/ After that 1 led a very tempe-
" rate life, for I knew that if I fell sick
" the English doctors would prescribe wine
" for .me to. invigorate: me, for they con-
" sider it salutary. But the Almighty
*^ had compassion on me,- and heard my
" prayer, so that I preserved my health,
*^ and have had no occasion for any medi-
*• cine whatever.;*

I remained in England for the space of

one

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217

one year and six months, expecting always
the arrival of the Great Mogul's letter.

When Lord Clive came to England,
in order to shew his esteem for his Majes-
ty he presented the gifts (with which be
had been entrusted by Shah Alum) to
the Queen, in his own name,* he there-
fore obtained an abundant share of the
xoyal favour. He made no mention what-
ever either of Shah Alum's letter or mes^
sage, neither did Captain S. make any
disclosure regarding the above, for he
placed great reliance on what his Lord-
ship had promised to do for him. When,
however, he saw the deep game his Lord-
ship was playing, he said to me, ** Lord
Clive has completely deceived me/'

Captain S., from not being acquainted

with any of his Majesty's Ministers, and

being afraid of falling under the dis-

£ F pleasure

* Itesa Modeen must have been miBinformed as to this :
Lord Clive was of top noble a nature to have acted as above
stated.

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218

pleasure of Lord Clive and the DirectorSi^
was unable to forward the business ill
any way.

Some time after I discovered the reason
why Shah Alum's letter had been con-
cealed : It was as follows. At the time I
am treating of, there was a dispute between
the Ministers and the Company regarding
the possession of Bengal and other coun-
tries. The Ministers said, ** The Com-
" pany are only agents and merchants,
** what right have they to possess a cbun-
** try ? The government and revenues
" should be placed in the hands of the
'* King, and let the Company employ
" themselves in trading and trafficking."
To this the Company replied : " During
'* the wars of Nouab Soorajah Dowlah
" and Cassim Alee Khan, the factories
" we had in Bengal were all plundered,
" by which we sustained a loss of pro-

" perty

*~0f the East-India Company.

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219

" petty to the amount of crores of
" rupees j besides we expended large sums
" in paying the troops, and it was solely
" owing to the Company's officers, who
" laboured hard and exerted themselves
** greatly i that the country of Bengal was
" conquerqd.^ Therefore, then, accord-
** ing to the agreement which was formerly
^^ made between us and the Ministers,
" we are now ready to give whatever
" sums of money, and to pay whatever
^ taxes you demand (according to the
*^ compact agreed to)/' Thus the dis-
pute continued between the parties ; but
the Ministers could not substantiate their
claim, and their arguments would not
hold good. In this state of things, Lord
Clive being a welJ-wisher of the Com-
pany, after having consulted with the
Directors, it was thought expedient to
keep from the knowledge of his Britannic
Majesty the letter of Shah Alum ; because
2 F 2 if

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220

if it were to appear at this juncture, it
would greatly assist the Ministers in
establishing their pretensions.

Captain S. used everj endeavour to get
me to stay three or four years in England.
I however declined doing so, for I was so
depressed in spirits at being separated
irom my native country and friends, that
I cared little about acquiring riches or
temporal advantages. At last Captain S.
gave me in charge of Mr. M., who was
formerly chief secretary in Calcutta, and
permitted me to depart. I returned to
Bengal in the year of the Hejira 11S3,
and in the month of Katuk, having been
absent on my travels to Europe two
years and nine months

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221

THE CONCLUSION OF THE WORK.

By the mercy of God, the preserver of
the world 9 I (a sinner) travelled to Eng«
land, and from my journey great advan-
tages accrued to me, and I returned to
my native country without loss or detri-
ment; and from being permitted to re-
visit (my country) I gave praise and thanks
to the Almighty.

FINIS.

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ERRATA

[It IB requested that the Student will make the corrections before commendng
the Hindoostanee Translation.]

Page. line.

Ffege-Liae.

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^r* gy** cyUL. V JUli j> Jh ^jt* ^^
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^^ j\la:ij d^ <sXjf« ^yd- jjl j^^ iijlrl .^t

wHiS^ ifb^b ^\^ ^ ^j jji i*iee / ^-j

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y^ \^ Jjls ut^ ^ bUH ^ ^ y^ c.-J'

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f jU ^ ^^ ^jL J jLi ^ 4£A^ }^j

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By the tame Author,
TRAVELS

VBOIf

INDIA TO ENGLAND,

COMPEIHBNDIVG ▲«

VISIT TO THE BURMAN EMPIRE^

AND A

JOURNEY thiough PERSIA, ASIA MINOR, EUROPEAN TURKEY, te.

In the Tears 1825-26.

Containing a Chnmological Epitome of the late Militaiy Operations in
Ava { an Account of the Proceedlngi of the pieaent Minioii firom the
Supreme Govennnent of India to the Court of Tduan ; and a Summary
of the Canaei and Ercntt of the existing War betvreen Ruaria and Pttiia.

tVUh 8k0Uhe$ of Natunl HUtory, M ai me n and Cuttmuf tmd iOuitraied wUh

1 Vol. 4to. £1, \U.6d.

LONDON t
rJUMTED BY J. L. COX, GREAT QOEEN CTRXET.

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